Opinions of Discussion Essay

The critical decision makers necessary for the development of an effective sales curriculum for a multinational company include the sales and marketing director, the financial director, the human resources director and the various country managers. The CEO will need to be kept abreast of all developments to ensure that it meets his approval. Similarly, the board of directors will also have to be briefed about the project so that it is line with the company’s vision and mission statement. The sales and marketing director’s input into the project will be to develop sales and marketing strategies that will be adopted for use by sales personnel. From the various methods of marketing are available, the director will have to enumerate the most effective ones and explain which strategy is best suited for a particular situation. This may include direct sales, sales promotions, mail orders or e- business. Market segmentation will be applied to target particular groups while profiling techniques will enable the sales team to correctly identify their customers. Proper planning of finances and budgeting will be the financial director’s docket. By developing budget plans and drawing up financial estimates, the sales curriculum will effectively guide the sales team in assessing their efforts in terms of money spent and results achieved. It will also reduce wasteful expenditure by explaining how to save money and still be effective in one’s duties. The human resources director will draw up a training program for sales staff to develop their skills and enable them to be more effective in their duties. As part of their training, the curriculum will incorporate successful techniques of interacting with the customers by focusing on the needs of the end user rather than on the company’s immediate goals. A remuneration schedule based on performance will form part of the curriculum. A summary of the code of conduct in force will form part of the annex. Different people have different norms and practices. The input of the various country managers will be important in identifying the peculiarities of certain nations. This will assist the sales staff in relating to their customers on local terms. This reduces misunderstandings arising from cultural conflicts. For any program to be successful it must have the support of the final decision maker. In this case the CEO has got to be involved in the overall design and development of the curriculum so that he can give his input. This factor is important when it comes to issues like training that involve the company spending a lot of money. By being involved in the process, the CEO will appreciate the curriculum and ensure that its implementation does not lack finances or materials. In a school setting and a business environment the stakeholders and decision makers are more or less similar. The head teacher and the CEO are the final decision makers. Both entities have a board of governors/director. The company has shareholders who have a stake in the company while the schools have parents who are actively involved in its welfare. Local authorities regulate the functions of both institutions while both of them have customers and suppliers that they attend to. Teachers are unique stakeholders in a school setting because not only do they mould the children under their care but also teach them. They are like surrogate parents and thus have a greater interest in their charges. Unlike employees in a firm, teachers’ concern over the ‘produce of their labor’ extends well beyond the school gates.

Limitations of Financial Accounting Essay

Financial accounting is the only branch of accounting and it is not perfect. There are large numbers of limitations which open new way to use other tools of accounting. To know what are the main limitations of financial accounting. It is very necessary for accountants. Accountants are often blind to these limitations. So, I am covering its limitation a lot of ground. Read below and understand:- 1. Financial accounting is of historical nature Net effect of transactions are recorded in financial accounting which has happened in past. These accounts is just postmortem of all events of business in past .These record does not help for future planning and other managerial decisions. Financial accounting shows the profitability of business but it is failure to tell that is it good or bad. Financial accounting is also failure to know the reasons of low profitability position. 2. Financial accounting deals with overall profitability Accounts of business are made by a way which shows only overall profitability .It does not shows net profit per product , or per department or according to job . Thus it is very difficult to find all such activities which do not give profit. So, it creates inefficiency in business activities. 3. Absence of full disclosure of facts In financial accounting we record only those activities and transactions which we can show or describe in money. There are many other facts of business which are nonfinancial and nonmonetary like efficient management, demand of products of firm, good relations in industry , good working environments which cannot be known by financial accounting . 4. Financial reports are interim report of business Financial statements made by financial accounting is the interim report of firm’s all business work but financial position and profitability which are shown in it is not fully true . Due to adopting cost concept, all transactions are recorded on it real cost but by changing in the time; it is the need of time to adjust cost of assets and liabilities according to inflation of market. Because, financial accounting does not records according to inflation so its result does not show true position of business. 5. Incomplete knowledge of costs From cost point of view, financial accounting is incomplete. In financial accounting, accountant does not calculate each and every product’s total cost. So, financial accounting does not help to determine the price of product of business. 6. No provision of cost control Financial accounting does not help business organization for controlling the cost as there is no provision of controlling cost in it. In financial accounting, we write cost, if we pay any expenses. Thus there is no provision of improvement in financial accounting. Except this, there is no any other way to inspect all expenses. 7. Financial statements are affected from personal judgment Many events of financial statements are affected from personal judgment of accountant. Method, rate of provision of doubtful debts and valuation method are decided by accountant. Thus, financial statements do not show true and fair view of business.

Good to a Fault by Marina Endicott Essay

Take a moment and imagine a family of six traveling from city to city in order to survive, their only home, a car. Suddenly as their driving along a women speeds into them crashing, and wrecking their home. They are all then taken to a hospital, where the family discovers that the mother has progressive cancer in her lymph nodes. After this discovery, the father decides to skip town leaving his wife, three young children and elderly mother homeless. Good to a Fault by Marina Endicott is an exceptional novel. Endicott won the Commonwealth Writer’s Prize for Best book in Canada and the Caribbean for Good to a Fault. Why might you ask? Each character is so extraordinarily developed and so well described it feels as if you know them yourself. Their emotions, thoughts and actions are so personal that at the end of the novel Endicott has created a wonderful and realistic person. Their conflicts are so profound, that they are crippling to the characters that suffer under them. And a theme that so important that the book is named after it. Like most novels Good To A Fault has a variety characters with an array of personalities, thoughts and behaviors. What sets it aside from others, is the vivid characterization of not only the fundamental characters of the story, but even the characters that are only introduced once. The rotation of perspectives gives the novel a whole new view on each character’s true personality and on the conflicts they face. As Mary Jo Murphy from the New York Times said, â€Å"it’s the quieter introspective dramas, provided by Endicott’s skillful rotation among the characters’ points of view, that hold your attention.† Each character’s thoughts are described by the author in exact correspondence with their personalities. For example; Paul, who is a pastor, often indirectly makes allusions to faith. Like when he and Darwin are fixing up Clara’s basement Paul says, â€Å"Today is a time for rejuvenation â€Å"pg.153 or when he is speaking to Clara about her generosity towards the Gage’s he says â€Å"You sacrificed yourself for others† pg.329 Through this, Endicott solidifies Paul’s personality, tying him to his religion. Making Paul a symbol of Christianity which brings into question the faith of many characters. Allowing the reader to experience the many sides of faith. Apart from that , appearance and reputation help to build complete characters. Take the protagonist Clara , Paul describes her as â€Å"†¦single, childless of course, took care with her appearance, fortyish, Christian, and not in good spirits for some time since her mothers death.† pg.26. This information helps develop a rounded character. It isn’t enough just to say that Clara is a nice person, so that is why she takes care of the Gage family. The author uses her faith, age and relationship status to give reason for her generous actions. It helps the reader gain a better understanding of Clara’s personality, and accordingly builds a relationship between the reader and the protagonist. Above all things what sets this book aside from any other is the conflicts. Unlike most books the conflict of this story introduces itself in the very first paragraph, â€Å"The other car came from nowhere, speeding through on the yellow, going so fast it was almost safely past when Clara’s car caught it.†pg. 7. Because of this you would think that there would be no rising action, no excitement and no great lesson for the protagonist to learn, but you would be wrong. This conflict originally appears as if it will have the most impact, but it does not. In fact it stems off into several other conflicts that characters struggle with individually, and as a group. For instance, Lorraine’s diagnosis with cancer. This leads to her husband, Clayton, struggling to find his family a safe home, which he fails to do on his own. This leaves him bitter because instead of him finding a solution through hard work, he is left to stay with the very women who put them in the situation, Clara. As he says when confronting Clara at the hospital, â€Å"Hard on you? Hard to sit and watch the results of what you did?†pg23. He decides to deal with this by leaving the family. His actions burden Clara with the care of the family he left behind. Leading to Clara’s guilt of driving the children’s father away and leaving the mother all alone. Ultimately she struggles with the idea that she cares for the Gage family either out of guilt or to fill the empty spaces not only in her spare rooms, but in her life. It only took Endicott one simple incident to create a million other problems throughout the novel. Each conflict faced, allows the reader to understand more about each character’s role in the story. Finally molding the novel into the theme. The theme I took from this novel was ; personal satisfaction of goodwill is the only payment for charity,for if it’s not, the deeds bring no true meaning. However when I contacted Marina Endicott on twitter she described the theme as follows; â€Å"How the debt of charity is redeemed; Love your neighbour as yourself.† After Clara divorces her husband, she is left wounded by their short, detached marriage. Her parents then become ill and she must care for them. But soon they both die leaving Clara alone with all their possessions and burdens. When Clara opens up her home to the Gage family and a friend’s daughter, she must decide whether her actions are truly pure and for others benefit, or greedy and only being used to fill the void left by her parents and husband. So she questions herself, â€Å"I see what they need, but I am unwilling to help.†pg 25 When Clara takes in the Gage family she originally believes she is doing it to make up for the car accident she caused. As the visit becomes longer Clara grows more and more attached to the family as she brings them into her life. Caring for them soon becomes less of an obligation, and more of a desire as she grows to truly love the Gage’s like they were her own. She becomes so attached that she does not wish that they leave her home, and when they do she is deeply angered. â€Å"She did not want anything, except Pearce back, and Dolly, and Trevor; except the life she had left this afternoon, to run over and help Lorraine- to help her again!†pg.327 .This theme is a great topic that adds depth the novel. The whole story Clara is faced with deciding whether what she does is out of loneliness or out of good will. It is a topic that we should all consider when we decide to do something charitable. And yet another reason why I believe this is a wonderful piece of litterature. Ultimately this book incorporates everything that makes a good, memorable novel . It’s realistic, likeable and relatable characters keep the reader the attached to the story. These characters face conflicts that challenge them physically and emotional but lead them to fulfilling rewards. Finally these elements are all summed up to create a concrete theme of charity versus selfishness, a topic rarely touched on in our society. These elements of the novel piece the story together as a whole and make it strong enough to last the test of time. This is a great novel.

Week4A4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Week4A4 - Essay Example Confidentiality will allow the authorized user to access the company information. Integrity will allow the safe transmission of data and information from the sender to the receiver. In this business scenario, the focus is on safe relay of company information such as emails and safe consumer transaction over the internet such as online purchases. Availability deals with the timely and secure access of requested information to the company and customer (Habiyaremye, 2011). All these three components are interlinked together in a system. Systems are vulnerable to threats and vulnerabilities. A vulnerability is defined as a weakness in the system which is not necessarily known by the user and the attacker. A threat is a possible attack directed to the system. However, the system is not necessarily vulnerable. Our website will be made invulnerable to threats through preventive measures that will be provided below. Because a system cannot be 100% secure, we anticipate building a security system that will address all the security issues as and guarantee safe transaction. In order to attain this, we categorise security features into four and deal with them separately. A standard client server model contains three components; the server system, the network and the client system. In order to secure the transaction between the client and the business, we are going to use the firewall in our internal systems. A firewall is a combination of softwares and hardwares that allow only external trusted users to bypass a protected network. By installing a firewall, unwanted users and programmes are prevented from accessing the system. We shall employ demilitarized zone technology using two firewalls, the outer and the inner firewall. The outer firewall will contain open ports that will allow incoming and outgoing HTTP requests. The shoppers browser will thus be allowed to communicate

Pupil Annaual Progress Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Pupil Annaual Progress Report - Essay Example Recent assessment has shown that she has moved one levelr up and has secured level P3(ii) in communication and exploring and ordering the world (science and maths) of the level underpinning the National Curriculum. The prediction for the next year is that she will achieved level P4 in communication as she has already showning the ability which underpins this assessment level. Aaishah has increased her attention to regularly used objects in familiar activities. Within the year’s progress, As the year has progressed, Aaishah has developed an increasing awareness thatbecome increasingly more aware that her activities have expected steps and that she needs to keepbe active within them. She has become more consistent in using objects in the ways in which they are intended forto be used. Aaishah has become more consistent in carrying out independent actions within familiar activities such as reaching out for the morning parachute, holding the register, looking at a drum, putting items back in the finish box, and looking at the washing up bowl when getting ready to put her cup away. She has shown that she knows what the next steps in several of her activities are. Aaishah has continued to respond more positively to clear firm instructions from adults when taking part in less motivational activities. She has continued to become more responsive to clear fa cial expressions indicating praise or â€Å"stop†/†no† from familiar adults. Also, she and has developed an ability to can give a cheeky smile when she has tryingied to avoid something or deviated from thea routine. Recentlyisentlly, Aaishah has becomebecame consistent in carrying out independent actions within familiar activities, such as reaching out for the morning parachute, tapping a drum, putting items back in the finish box when adults indicate it is time to finish. In addition, Sshe

Personalized Medicine and Biomarkers (Biomedical Informatics) Research Paper

Personalized Medicine and Biomarkers (Biomedical Informatics) - Research Paper Example Biomedical informatics and health informatics is an interdisciplinary field which integrates different fields such as computer science, biology, medicine and health care. It fosters an effective analysis and management of data for its application in health care. Bernstam et al , [1] defines biomedical informatics as a science of information where data is presented together with meaning in finding solutions to biomedical related problems. This makes the field distinct from related fields such as biomedicine, bioinformatics and computer science. Computers provide the interface between the data which they process and humans interpret the meaning of the data, a task the computers are incapable of carrying out appropriately. This field has gained relevance because of the rise in use of electronic health records and the plethora of data emanating from genomics research, [2]. Because of the growth of the data available to professionals in the healthcare, there has been a change in the patte rn of medical decision making towards the requirement of informatics and information technology platform to assist medics in their decision making. Personalized medicine is a form of medicine that makes use of personal information derived from person’s genes, proteins and environment to assist in disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment, [3]. A biomarker is a variable which can be a gene, protein, or chemical which is altered in disease condition. Biomarkers are classified as prognostic, predictive or therapeutic biomarkers. Prognostic biomarkers try to assess the likely cause of a disease whereas predictive ones assess the probability of whether a patient will benefit from a particular therapy. In the recent times, personalized medicine has been ameliorated by a more improved molecular understanding of disease thereby introducing effective

Marbury v. Madison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marbury v. Madison - Essay Example In the confusion of changing from the Adams administration to the Jefferson administration Marbury’s commission was not delivered. Madison, following Jefferson’s orders, did not deliver the commission but withheld it from Marbury because he was a Federalist. The commission was signed by Adams and all was in order except the commission was not delivered. Marbury was denied his commission and prevented from becoming a Justice of the Peace in Washington. At the time of the Jefferson administrations refusal to deliver the commission to Marbury the Supreme Court had been appointed but was a relatively weak institution. John Marshall (a Federalist and cousin to Jefferson) was the Chief Justice and was appointed by Adams during his administration. Although Jefferson was Marshall’s cousin, both disagreed greatly when it came to politics. Jefferson was a Democratic Republican while Marshall was a Federalist. So, it was assumed that when Marbury brought his case to the Supreme Court he would receive a ruling that, influenced by a Federalist, would benefit him. William Marbury did bring his case directly to the Supreme Court and requested a ruling that included a Writ of Mandamus which forces a government official to follow through with official duties and, in this case, deliver the commission. Marshall was in a tough predicament as he needed to deliver a fair ruling but knew that the Supreme Court had little power. Jefferson could have possibly ignored a ruling that did not benefit his administration further degrading the power of the Supreme Court. Marshall was tasked with answering three questions (from Supreme Court Cases: The Dynamic Court): With these questions in mind Marshall deliberated with the court and then delivered the unanimous ruling of the Court. The ruling was given on February 24th of 1803. The ruling concluded that Jefferson and Madison were wrong in denying Marbury the commission as Marbury had a right to the job as

Each student will provide the class with an overview of the marketing Term Paper

Each student will provide the class with an overview of the marketing strategies used by two companies competing for the same cu - Term Paper Example P&G’s marketing strategy is to develop distribution channels at the local level, and has correspondingly organized its market development units according to its regional markets. It also aims to develop new product brands and enhance its current brand portfolio. Its core competencies include innovation, brand-building, go-to-market capabilities, scale, and consumer understanding. Among the company’s strengths are its strong R&D focus, market leadership, product portfolio diversification, and strong cash position. However, it has experienced increasing incidences of product recalls, high product prices that have caused a decline in sales volume, and a loss in market share. The company expects to recover, however, by widening its customer base and increasing its worldwide market share by advancing more aggressively into emerging markets. It will realize this goal through three initiatives, namely integration, simplification, and digitization. Eventually, it expects to res ume its former positive market growth. Unilever is a global leader in the manufacture and distribution of fast moving consumer goods. Its portfolio includes some of the best known brands in the world, in foods, home care, and personal care. The company’s forerunner was founded in the late 19th century by William Hesketh Lever, but assumed the name Unilever in 1930 when it merged with other consumer goods companies that had likewise been in existence before the turn of the century. It turned global in the sixties, and attained market leadership in the eighties which it maintains to the present. The firm has manufacturing facilities worldwide, and serves a broad cross-section of the market since its products target customers of all walks of life. Among its core competencies are the ability to conceptualize products, its global logistics network, its scientific research in nutrition, and the ability to communicate and influence public behaviour. Its strengths include a strong br and portfolio, diversified revenue streams, and strong focus on R&D and sustainability. It has a problem, however, in maintaining its sales and profitability performance which have constantly declined in the three years covering 2007 to 2009, indicating that it has a particular vulnerability to the current economic recession. This is attributed to intense competition, rising inflation and reduced consumer demand. The company foresees opportunities for growth in emerging markets and chances to enhance its product portfolio by making some select acquisitions. The firm intends to divest some of its non-core business activities and concentrate on its principal product lines. In the immediate future, it aims to double the size of its business while reducing its impact on the

Occupational stress and its effects on overall performance within oil Essay - 1

Occupational stress and its effects on overall performance within oil and gas industry - Essay Example Extraction of oil and gas reserves for the off shore oil and gas industries with success in performance and productivity is vitally important for the economies of countries that possess these particular industries. However the industry is dangerous along with potentially of hazards. The work related to the offshore platform functions is regarded as an occupation that is widely stressful as the employees are exposed to stress associated with the onshore work as well as that of the tasks of the offshore. (Chen, Yu & Wong, 2009) The financial benefits gained by the oil and gas industries are associated with huge costs resulting from stress that are generally mismanaged. Various adverse incidents affect the employees as well as the organizations that are associated with these industries. Early retirement of the workers along with relations with the employees that are unsatisfying, with dissatisfaction among the workers regarding their job and hence poor productivity among them are some o f the adverse impacts suffered by the associates and the employees of the oil and gas industries. In addition to that the rate of accidents that are considerably increasing with more and more mechanization of the production techniques has been another contributing factor to the sufferings. Moreover cumulative stress trauma litigation is another increasing problem of this industry that is gaining attention with increased importance of stress reduction mechanisms. The restricted location in which the employees are forced to work for significant period of time in a continuous manner adds the potentiality of stress in these oil and gas industries. Hazardous duties in a confined environment with huge probability of incidents of escalations of hydrocarbons add to the level of stress and pressure associated with the industry’s functioning. These situations of optimal stress have its implication in turn on the productivity of these

New Labour Education Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

New Labour Education Policy - Essay Example In keeping step with the concept that the school is a reflection of society, New Labour's educational policies have been framed in their philosophy of free market competition, equality, and the recognition and reward of ability. New Labour has made a significant commitment to narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor and lessening the effects of the social and cultural capital that permeates the system. The policy is also committed to "reversing the increasing social exclusion of the unemployed and low-paid, and to equality of opportunity in education and the need to develop the potential of every child" (Tomlinson 2003, p.195). In addition, New Labour has maintained a steadfast commitment to "choice and competition, with education developing as a market commodity driven by consumer demand, fuelled by league tables of examination results, school 'choice' by parents, specialist schools and failing schools" (Tomlinson 2003, p.196). The ruthlessness of the market and cultural trad itions have often compromised the drive towards equality and fairness and has created tension in New Labour's controversial educational policies. No matter where you look in the educational system you will see the influence of the social stratification, racism, the gap between the poor and rich, and the class attitudes that are reflected in education's mirror. However, national standards and mandates have dictated that these influences must be overlooked and not considered in favour of an inclusive and performance based system. The initial enthusiasm that met New Labour's educational reforms has "dissipated into puzzlement, disappointment and concern about the direction of education policy, at least in... The researcher of this essay concluds that education reform in the UK has followed a violent and rocky road since the beginnings of formal education. Once thought to be the property of the elite, the researcher states that education is now perceived as a right that every citizen has an opportunity to attain. The traditional view that the school should be a reflection of the society becomes problematic when trying to instil equality, while honestly accounting for the culture. The call for free market choice and competition add additional tension to the multiple goals of the educational initiatives. Traditional social and cultural groups that underperform in society or economics will also underperform in education. This results in socio-economic groupings that take on the characteristic of being exclusionary. The students with social capital will group with like peers and self perpetuate the segregation. Meritocracy further increases the gap, as the most capable students will be the on es from an advantaged background. The researcher hopes that thse phenomena will resonate through race, ethnicity, gender, and the disabled. In this scenario demands that society make some fundamental changes in correcting its own prejudice. Still, Labour has shown a willingness to acknowledge its failures and alter their approach when possible. They have begun to consider the social context of the schools and it can be concluded that educational reform is far from ideal, but continues to evolve as society pulls it along.

Passover Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Passover - Research Paper Example The words uttered by God show the essence of Passover, the Passover recipe and acts. The Israelites were commanded by Yahweh to consume roasted meat, along with bitter greens and unleavened bread with haste, sandals on their feet, their cloaks tucked into their belts, and staffs on their hands (Exodus 12: 8-13). According to Murray, the Passover was a celebration, to commemorate God’s mighty acts of salvation for his chosen people (p.4). The word Passover has consequently, the very same meaning with the Egyptian term for â€Å"spreading the wings over and protecting." The Passover feast outlined the sacrificial act that Jesus performed with his death, redeeming mankind. In reference to the Passover during the period of the Israelites, the theme of redemption is clearly shown in our everyday life when faced with trying moments. As a young man, Moses fled Egypt in disgrace under a death penalty for killing an Egyptian. When God summoned him to lead the Israelites out of Egypt, he had been away from Egypt’s culture and sophistication for forty years. Moses was to go back to Egypt and confront the successor to the Pharaoh with the words: â€Å"let my people go" (Exodus 5:1-5). To save His people from Egypt, God chose a man who was, in many mannerisms, similar an Egyptian. Moses was born an Israelite, but he grew up adulthood in the house of Pharaoh’s daughter. His Hebrew mother raised him; however, he was tutored worldly wisdom from Egyptian teachers. He was chosen by God to deliver Israelites to show all people that the Lord makes a distinction between Egyptians and Israelites (Exodus 11-7). Moses heeded Yahweh’s command and went to Egypt to plea for the release of the Jews. Pharaoh completely refused to let the Israelites go, the Lord showed his might by bringing down judgment on Egypt’s false gods. Via Moses, he turned water into blood, showing the Egyptians that he was greater than the Nile that the

Civil Rights and Responsibilities Essay Example for Free

Civil Rights and Responsibilities Essay The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution shortly after its ratification. These amendments guarantee certain political, procedural, and property rights against infringement by the national government (Patterson, 2009). â€Å"A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth, general or particular, and what no just government should refuse, or rest on influence (Thomas Jefferson). The First Amendment provides the foundation for freedom of expression which is the right of individual Americans to hold and communicate views of their choosing (Patterson, 2009). The motivation of the Bill of Rights was to guarantee individual rights and freedoms. The First Amendment reflects this tradition, providing for freedom of religion along with freedom of speech, press, assembly, and petition. The three provisions of the First Amendment are the freedom of speech, assembly and religion. The freedom of speech states that you are free to say almost anything except that which is obscene, slanders another person, or has a high probability of inciting others to take imminent lawless action. The freedom of assembly states that you are free to assemble, although government may regulate the time and place for reasons of public convenience safety, provided such regulations are applied evenhandedly to all groups. The freedom of religion states that you are protected from having the religious beliefs of others imposed on you, and you are free to believe what you like. Freedom of religion simply means citizens have freedom to attend a church, synagogue, temple or mosque of their choice, or not to attend at all. The First Amendment allows us to practice our religion the way we want to. When talking about freedom of religion and the First Amendment I think about religion in the schools. Every since the Supreme Court held school-sponsored prayer unconstitutional in the early 1960s, there has ben a concerted and well-funded campaign to reintroduce religion in public schools. Public schools themselves should not be in the business of promoting particular religious beliefs or religious activities and they should protect children from being coerced by others to accept religious (or anti-religious beliefs. A Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission inquiry ruled in July that the Saskatoon Board of Education must end a practice of giving teachers the option of conducting prayers in public school classrooms and assemblies. In practice, the choice has been primarily the Lords Prayer. The ruling will not change practices in separate schools. The inquiry followed a complaint six years ago by nine parents, including Muslims, Jews, Unitarians and atheists. About 20% of the 550 public school classrooms in Saskatoon begin the day with prayer. The decision may be appealed in court (Globe and Mail, 1999). The relationship between religion and government in the United States when it comes to the United States Constitution is governed by the First Amendment to the Constitution, which both prevents the government from establishing religion and protects privately initiated religious expression and activities from government interference and discrimination. The First Amendment thus establishes certain limits on the conduct of public school officials as it relates to religious activity, including prayer. Prayer should not have been taken out of schools. Parents should be sent home a letter opting out of religious activities and employees should be given the same option, but taken it out of schools was ridiculous. The case of Engel v. Vitale (1962) went to the Supreme Court and the case was about a time in 1951 the New York State Board of Regents (the State board of education) approved a 22-word â€Å"nondenominational prayer â€Å"for recitation each morning in the public schools of New York. It read: â€Å"Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our Country.† The Regents believed that the prayer could be a useful tool for the development of character and good citizenship among the students of the State of New York. The prayer was offered to the school boards in the State for their use, and participation in the â€Å"prayer-exercise† was voluntary. In New Hyde Park, New York, the Union Free School District No. 9 directed the local principal to have the prayer â€Å"said aloud by each class in the presence of a teacher at the beginning of the school day.† The parents of ten pupils in the New Hyde Park schools objected to the prayer. They filed suit in a New York State court seeking a ban on the prayer, insisting that the use of this official prayer in the public schools was contrary to their own and their childrens beliefs, religions, or religious practices. The State appeals court upheld the use of the prayer, â€Å"so long as the schools did not compel any pupil to join in the prayer over his or his parents objection† (infoplease.com). The Freedom to Assemble gives people the right to assemble peacefully without causing any harm to others. As much as I do not agree with the KKK views and opinions they should be able to assemble if they do it in a peaceful manner. The First Amendment prohibits government from abridging the right of the people peaceably to assemble. This basic freedom ensures that the spirit of the First Amendment survives and thrives even when the majority of citizens would rather suppress expression it finds offensive. Over the course of our history, freedom of assembly has protected individuals espousing myriad viewpoints. Striking workers, civil rights advocates, anti-war demonstrators and Ku Klux Klan marchers have all taken to the streets and sidewalks in protest or in support of their causes. Sometimes these efforts have galvanized public support or changed public perceptions. Imagine a civil rights movement without the March on Washington or the womens suffrage movement without ranks of long-skirted, placard-carrying suffragists filling city streets. The U.S. Supreme Court recognized the importance of this freedom in the 1937 case De Jonge v. State of Oregon, writing that the right to peaceable assembly is a right cognate to those of free speech and free press and is equally fundamental. â€Å"According to the Court, † the right to assemble is one that cannot be denied without violating those fundamental principles which lie at the base of all civil and political institutions† (archive.firstamendmentcenter.org). The KKKs right to assemble peaceably was secured by the famous 1977 case of National Socialist Party v. Skokie, in which the American Civil Liberties Union successfully argued that the First Amendment prohibited officials of Skokie, Ill., from banning a march by the National Socialist Party. Skokie is a Chicago suburb that is home to many Holocaust survivors. One federal judge reasoned that â€Å"it is better to allow those who preach racial hatred to expend their venom in rhetoric rather than to be panicked into embarking on the dangerous course of permitting the government to decide what its citizens may say and hear† (archive.firstamendmentcenter.org). In conclusion, the First Amendment of the United States protects the rights to freedom of religion and freedom of expression as well as freedom of assembly from government interference. Freedom of expression consists of the rights to freedom of speech, press, assembly and to petition the government for a redress of grievances, and the implied rights of association and belief. The Supreme Court interprets the extent of the protection afforded to these rights. The First Amendment has been interpreted by the Court as applying to the entire federal government even though it is only expressly applicable to Congress. Two clauses in the First Amendment guarantee freedom of religion. The Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause are two clauses in the First Amendment that guarantee freedom of religion. The Establishment Clause prohibits the government from passing legislation to establish an official religion or preferring one religion over another. It enforces the separation of church and state. The Free Exercise Clause prohibits the government, in most instances, from interfering with a persons practice of their religion. The right to assemble allows people to gather for peaceful and lawful purposes. Implicit within this right is the right to association and belief. With that being said, all people should be having some kind of freedom. They should be able to boycott and assemble peacefully without causing any harm to anyone. People should be free to have their different views and opinions of religion, be it that they religious or anti-religious. To sum it all up I would love for everyone to feel that they are free. References http://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1961/1961_468 http://www.aclu.org/religion-belief/program-freedom-religion-and-belief-government-funded-religion Religion in schools (teachers in Saskatchewan will no longer have the option of conducting prayer services in class). Humanist in Canada 130 (1999): 4, 39. General OneFile. Web. 25 June 2012. http://www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/religionandschools/prayer_guidance.html

Hackers And Ethical Hackers

Hackers And Ethical Hackers Cyber security is one of the most critical aspects of security that any organization in the modern world must be concerned with. Why? Mostly because of Black-hat Hackers. The following review is a general discussion about hackers and its best countermeasure, Ethical Hacking. The reason I chose this topic is because it is of great interest to me, as I someday want to be an Ethical hacker as well. Review The word hacker in the past was defined as a person who loves playing a around with software or electronic systems. They wanted to discover new things on how computers operate. Today the term hacker has a different meaning altogether. It states that a hacker is someone who maliciously breaks into systems for personal gain. Technically, these criminals are crackers (criminal hackers). Crackers break into (crack) systems with malicious intent. They are out for personal gain: fame, profit, and even revenge. They modify, delete, and steal critical information, often making other people miserable. (Kevin Beaver, Stuart McClure 2004, p10) Most of the literature I read give the definition of the word hacker as previously stated or to mean mostly the same thing. The history of hacking dates back to the 1960s when a group of people in MIT hack the control systems of model trains to make them run faster, more effectively or differently than they were designed to. (Peter T. Leeson, Christopher J. Coyne, 2006). Because of such activity by these individuals computer owners and supervisors took away their access to computers. As a result the hacking community came up with their own code known as the hacker ethic: 1. Access to computers -and anything which might teach you something about the way the world works should be unlimited and total. Always yield to the Hands-On Imperative! 2. All information should be free. 3. Mistrust Authority Promote Decentralization. 4. Hackers should be judged by their hacking, not bogus criteria such as degrees, age, race or position. 5. You can create art and beauty in a computer. 6. Computers can change your life for the better. (Paul A Taylor, 2005) The above code is still followed today and not only by hackers but by others as well. Not all hackers today have the same level of expertise. Depending on the psychology and skills of a hacker they can be put into four groups.(M.G. Siriam) Old School Hackers is one group and they believe that the internet should be an open system. Script kiddies is another and they are computer novices that use tools created by professional hackers to hack systems. Most of the hackers today fit into this group. The next group is professional criminals or crackers. They break into systems for the purpose of stealing and selling information they gathered.. The final group is coders and virus writers. They are elite individuals with a very high skill in programming and operating systems that write code and use other people in charge of releasing their code to the wild. Organizations and institutions today are under a lot of stress to protect their information from external as well as internal security threats to their computer systems. As such most of them have come up with the solution of hiring Ethical Hackers. To catch a thief, you must think like a thief. Thats the basis for ethical hacking. Knowing your enemy is absolutely critical (Kevin Beaver, Stuart McClure, 2004, p13). In other wards Ethical hackers (white-hat hackers) are experienced security and network experts that perform an attack on a target system with permission from the owners, to find loop holes and vulnerabilities that other hackers could exploit. This process is also known has Red Teaming, Penetration Testing or Intrusion Testing. (www.networkdictionary.com) The end goal of ethical hackers is to learn system vulnerabilities so that they can be repaired for community self-interest and as a side-product also the common good of the people.(Bryan Smith, William Yurcik, David Doss, 2002) Every Ethical hacker should follow three important rules as follows: Firstly Working Ethically. All actions performed by the ethical hacker should support the organizations goals that he works for. Trustworthiness is the ultimate tenet. The misuse of information is absolutely forbidden. Secondly Respecting Privacy as all information that an ethical hacker gathers has to be treated with the utmost respect. Finally Not Crashing Your Systems. This is mostly due to no prior planning or having not read the documentation or even misusing the usage and power of the security tools at their disposal. (Kevin Beaver, Stuart McClure, 2004, p16-17) The main attacks or methods that an ethical hackers or even hackers perform are of as follows: Non Technical Attacks: No matter how secured an organization is in terms of software and hardware, it will always be vulnerable to security threats because securitys weakest link are people or its employees. Social engineering is a type of non technical attack where hackers exploit the trusting nature of human beings to gain information for malicious purposes. Other attacks can be of physical nature such as stealing hardware equipment or dumpster diving. Operating-System Attack: Hacking an operating system (OS) is a preferred method of the bad guys. OS attacks make up a large portion of hacker attacks simply because every computer has an operating system and OSes are susceptible to many well-known exploits.(Kevin Beaver, Stuart McClure, 2004, p15) Distributed denial of service attacks(DDoS): This is the most popular attack used by many hackers to bring down systems. Its a type of attack that overloads the network or server with a large amount of traffic so that it crashes and renders any access to the service. Internet Protocol (IP) spoofing: It is a way of disguising the hackers real identity. This method allows a hacker to gain unauthorized access to computers by sending a message to a computer with an IP address showing that the message is from a trusted host. To accomplish this, a hacker must use different tools to find an IP address of a trusted host, and then alter the packet headers so it appears that the packets are coming from the host. (Tanase 2003). The process of ethical hacking contains many different steps. The first thing that is done is to formulate a plan. At this stage getting approval and authorization from the organization to perform the penetration test is extremely important. (Kevin Beaver, Stuart McClure, 2004, p15). Next the ethical hacker uses scanning tools to perform port scans to check for open ports on the system. Once a cracker scans all computers on a network and creates a network map showing what computers are running what operating systems and what services are available, almost any kind of attack is possible (Bryan Smith, William Yurcik, David Doss, 2002) This method is used by hackers as well but for mainly for malicious purposes. After scanning has been done the ethical hacker selects the tools that are going to be used to perform certain tests on the target system. These tools can be used for password cracking, planting backdoors, SQL injection, sniffing etc. The tests need to be carefully performed bec ause if they are done incorrectly they could damage the system and could go unnoticed. (Bryan Smith, William Yurcik, David Doss, 2002) Finally the plan needs to be executed and the results of all the tests then need to be evaluated (Kevin Beaver, Stuart McClure, 2004, p22) Based on the results the ethical hacker tells the organization about their security vulnerabilities as well as how they can be patched to make it more secure. A grey hat hacker is a type of hacker that has the skills and intent of a ethical hacker in most situations but uses his knowledge for less than noble purposes on occasion. Grey hat hackers typically subscribe to another form of the hacker ethic, which says it is acceptable to break into systems as long as the hacker does not commit theft or breach confidentiality. Some would argue, however that the act of breaking into a system is in itself unethical.(Red Hat, Inc, 2002) Grey hats are also a form of good hackers that usually hack into organizations systems without their permission, but then at a later stage send them information on the loop holes in their system. They also sometimes threaten to release the holes they find unless action has been taken to fix it. (Peter T. Leeson, Christopher J. Coyne, 2006) Conclusion Testing the security of a system by breaking into it is not a new idea but is something that is practised in all aspects of industry. For example if an automobile company is crash-testing cars, or an individual is testing his or her skill at martial arts by sparring with a partner, evaluation by testing under attack from a real adversary is widely accepted as prudent.(C.C. Palmer, 2001) Since the security on the Internet is quite poor at present, ethical hacking is one of the only ways to ways to proactively plug rampant security holes. Until such time a proper social framework is founded, to differentiate the good guys (white hats) from the bad guys (black hats), a law must not be brought into effect, as this may risk taking away our last hope of stabilizing defense and not realize it until it is too late. In the end, it is up to the society to consider the social and ethical standards to apply to the ever-changing technology, so valuable information does not fall into the wrong han ds for the wrong purposes.

Examining The Sharia Law Religion Essay

Examining The Sharia Law Religion Essay For each, we have appointed a divine law and a traced-out way. Had God willed, He could have made you one community. But that He may try you by that which He has given you. So vie one with another in good works. Unto God you will all return, and He will then inform you of that wherein you differ. Quran, 5:48 Introduction After the tragic events of 9/11, Islam has predominantly been under increased enquiry and scrutiny. The status of women has been targeted greatly, often labelling Islam as oppressive towards women. History In Arabic, Sharia literally means the way to the watering hole, symbolically meaning that in the harsh and difficult environment of the Arabian desert, following the path to the watering hole would ensure survival. Hence, in a religious context, if the Sharia was followed devotedly then it would lead the faithful into a pleasurable afterlife. Sharia Law (or Islamic Law) is based up two foundations: The Quran which Muslims believe to be the direct word of God sent down from Angel Gabriel to the Prophet Mohammed. The second foundation is the Sunnah and Haddith. The Sharia is un-codified yet systematic legal system. Un-codified because it has not been written down or collected to create one or more authoritative legal manuals, but nevertheless it is systematic because it is a comprehensible system of doctrines based on religious beliefs. It is essential to understand that although the Sharia is systematic legal system, it does not have clear and well defined sets of rules and regulations that can be easily applied to real life situations. This is where the role of the Ulama (religious scholars) is vital, because they are ones who dedicate their lives to studying the Sharia and therefore gain the authority to interpret the Sharia to resolve legal problems and apply it to real life situations. As the scholar Knut S. Vikor describes: The Sharia is best understood as a shared opinion of the [Islamic] community, based on a literature that is extensive, but not necessarily coherent or authorized by any single body. Believers of Islam believe that the Prophet Mohammed (c. 570 632) was the last and greatest of the Prophets that God has sent to reveal the Holy Quran. They believe that his teachings complement and clarify the messages of earlier prophets whose message were held to be distorted or lost over the years. The Prophet Mohammed is regard as the ultimate role model and his life is an example to Muslims on how the ideal Islamic life should be lead but they do not worship him. On the contrary, they believe from the Holy Quran, that Angel Gabriel revealed verbally to the Prophet Mohammed, that God is omnipotent, unique, ascribing no partners and no equal, thus Muslims never treat the Prophet as a Divinity. Prophet Mohammed was born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia around c. 570. As he became older, he became a trader and by the age of 25 he married Khadija bint Khuwaylid, a rich businesswoman who was 15 years his senior. In around 610, Mohammed was meditating alone in a cave and according to Haddith complied by al-Bukhari, Angel Gabriel in the form of a man appeared before the Prophet. Gabriel ordered Mohammed: Recite! Mohammed replied: I am not able to read. The angel then gave him a bone-crushing embrace that it reached the limit of his endurance and then released him. Again the angel ordered him: Recite! Mohammed again replied: I am not able to read. After a third embrace and release, the angel ordered Mohammed: Recite! Mohammed then recited the following: Recite in the name of thy Lord who created- created man from clots of blood. Recite! Your Lord is the Most Bountiful One, who by the pen taught man what he did not know. This then was the first revelation of the Holy Quran which later formed the first opening verses of Surah (chapter) 96 of the Quran. It took a period of 23 years for the entire revelation of the Holy Quran to form as we know it today. According to Muslims, they believe that the Prophet himself was illiterate and therefore his literate followers would write the revelations with whatever they could place their hands on, pieces of paper, stones, palm-leaves, shoulder-blades, ribs, and bits of leather. An authoritative version of the Quran was produced after the Prophets death in 632. The Quran The Quran consists of 144 Surahs which, instead of being placed in chronological order, they are grouped in order of their length where the longer chapters at the beginning and shorter chapters towards the end (with the exception of the opening chapter Al-Fathia). And although the basis of Sharia comes partly from the Holy Quran, in actuality it does not contain many exact rules of law. According to the scholar Mohammed Hashim Kamali, he concluded that less than 3 percent of the Holy Quran actually dealt with legal matters. These findings were also corroborated with another scholar by the name of N.J. Coulson who also concluded that: The Quran is in no sense a comprehensive legal code. No more than 80 verses deal strictly with legal matters; while these verses cover a wide range of topics and introduce many novel rules, their general effect is simply to modify the existing Arabian customary law in certain important particulars. Despite the low numbers of legal rulings from the Quran itself, it is the legal principles in which the Holy Quran brings forward that creates the fundamental nature of Sharia Law and that Muslims jurists draw from the moral and ethical values, which forms the Islamic message that comes from the Holy Quran, to make judgements and informed opinions on many legal matters that the Quran does not cover. For example, the main theme that is seen throughout the Holy Quran is Justice (Adl) and this plays a central part in the Sharia. Adl literally means placing things in the right place where they belong. The Sharia tries to establish Adl by adjudicating grievances and arbitrating disputes to the individuals involved, but also seeks to institute Adl as a whole throughout the community by establishing equilibrium of benefits and advantages in society. We sent our Messengers with evidences and revealed the Book and the balance through them so as to establish justice among people 57:25 Holy Quran. The Quranic standards of Justice are objective and irrespective of tribal, racial, national, national or religious backgrounds and differences. There at least fifty- three illustrations in the Holy Quran where people are addressed to be just to others at all levels, in personal or public affairs, in words and conducts, with friends or foes, Muslim or non-Muslim, all must be treated in fairness and with justice. O believers! Stand out firmly for justice as witnesses to God, even if it be against yourself, your parents and relatives and whether it be against rich or poor. 4:135 Holy Quran. And when you speak (make sure that you) speak with justice. 6:152 Holy Quran. The Sharia does not only controls legal rights and responsibilities of the Muslim people, but it also provides moral guidance of life and human activity in general. Thus the Sharia is split into two main classifications Ibadat (devotional matters) and muamalat (civil transactions). Ibadat is the rules concerning matters and the relationship between man and God. It is important to note that these religious obligations are directed towards the individual and fall outside the scope of the courts jurisdiction. Whereas muamalat is concerned with the separation of the Right of God (haqq Allah: which refers to the rights of the community or public rights) and the Right of Man (haqq al-abd: which refers to private rights). Under the umbrella of Ibadat, there are the 5 legal pillars of Sharia: [a] The testimony that there is no god but God and that Mohammed is the Messenger of God (Shahadatayn); [b] The performance of prayer (Salat); [c] The payment of alms-tax (Zakhat): [d] The performance of pilgrimage (Hajj); and finally [e] fasting during the month of Ramadan (Sawm). Here Islam focuses in instilling qualities of justice, trustworthiness, and righteousness through these acts of devotion (Ibadat). Ibadat are part of educating the believer to refrain from causing harm to others and purifying the mind and heart from corruption, selfishness and over indulgence in material purists. Surely prayer keeps one away from indecency and evil, and certainly the remembrance of God s the greatest (form of devotion) 29:45 Holy Quran. Furthermore, performing Salat in congregation enforces the doctrine of unity, equality and solidarity among worshipers. These doctrines are continually present in the rest of the legal pillars; fasting, alms-tax, and the performance of the pilgrimage all teach self disciple, sacrifice, and sensitivity towards others. More importantly, there is a greater emphasis on teaching avoidance of lying, degrading conduct, hypocrisy, oppression and so on. The Sunnah Haddith After the Holy Quran, the next authority of the Sharia is the Sunnah and Haddith. The Sunnah in Arabic is translated to the trodden path and is the teachings of Prophet Mohammed which contains the legal, religious and social duties of Islam. The Haddith is the traditions and sayings of the Prophet which was preserved by his closest Companions. The Haddith and Sunnah are both very much intertwined and therefore extremely difficult to separate. The difference between the two is that the Haddith are based on the life of the Prophet Mohammed and therefore makes a biographical basis of Sharia Law. The Sunnah is then the formation of the religious, social and legal obligations initially deriving from the Haddith. There are several thousand Haddith collections, with al-Bukhari (d. 870) and Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (d. 875) are considered to be the most reliable Haddith collectors in Sunni Islam who listed around 16,475 Haddith combined (which in their entirety exceeded half a million) . Shia Islam has four official collections of its own. The main criticism of these collections of Haddiths is that because it has been passed from generation to generation, it could have been transmitted via a defective and interrupted chain of transmitters or it could be well known that the Haddith comes from an unreliable and untrustworthy transmitter and therefore the Haddith can be deemed undependable as a source of law. Fiqh Fiqh is defined as a system created in accordance to the principles laid out by revelations and the Prophets example. It is a term often used together as equal to Sharia and but not necessarily the same. Where the Sharia comes from mainly divine revelations in the Quran, Sunnah and the Haddith, Fiqh comes from human understanding and knowledge that is developed by legal schools, individual jurists and judges through legal reasoning and issuing a legal verdict (fatwa). Thus Fiqh is described as mere superstructure and a practical manifestation of commitment to the values of morality and faith and as a result created a basic scheme and scale of values in which human conduct could be evaluated: Obligatory (Wajib), Recommended (Mandub), Permissible (Mubah), Reprehensible (Makruh) and Forbidden (Haram). Only the Obligatory and Forbidden categories of the scale are legal and actually derive from the Quran and Sunnah, whereas the other three are non-legal and supplementary to aid believers and promote moral virtues. Legal Reasoning by Analogy (Qiyas) Qiyas is the way in which Sunni legal scholars can apply traditional laws that derives from the Quran, Sunnah and Haddith by defining laws from a known ruling to a new ruling. (Shiite scholars on the other hand reject Qiyas as a source of law.) The best example that shows legal reasoning can be shown from the Quranic ruling on the prohibition of wine. Wine and games of chance, idols and divining arrows, are abominations devised by Satan. Avoid them, so that you may prosper. 5:90 Holy Quran. From this Quranic verse, we see the legal ruling on the consumption of wine and by analogy, if wine made from grapes are forbidden, then wine made from dates are forbidden as well, as it too can cause intoxication. We can deduct from this analogy by using the same Quranic verse that the use of narcotics are also illegal as it too can cause intoxication and so on.

Customs of the Arunta Society Essay -- essays research papers

The Arunta are a group of Australian Aborigines who have many customs and reasons for why they do what they do. Their customs reflect their society because everything they do has a reason. Some customs may have come about because of the environment, the natural resources, or possibly just beliefs. There are several customs about family and kinship. An Arunta camp usually has one to two families. The Arunta live in such small groups so they do not have to worry about hunting a lot of food for big camps. If their camp were attacked, it would be a lot easier to look after a small amount of people and belongings. It may be more efficient to hunt in larger groups, because you have more of a chance to find animals, and if one person were to be attacked by some sort of animal or person, there ...

The Evolutionary Importance of Maternal Anti-Bodies and its Implication

An organism’s ability to survive is not limited to the number of resources available but even more importantly the organism’s ability to fight off infections. Immunity is one of the most important features an organism has to distinguish and protect itself against certain pathogens that could potentially be fatal to the organism. From the first line of defense such as skin and mucous membranes, an organism’s body is constantly fighting off antigens. Antigens are molecules from a pathogen or a foreign organism that provoke a specific immune response. There are several ways a body prevents specific antigens from entering the body or causing harm, starting with non-specific mechanisms that include the first and second lines of defense. When an antigen passes the skin barrier an inflammatory response is set into motion to prohibit any further attack on the body. This inflammatory response includes the work of phagocytic white blood cells and anti-microbial proteins. When that alone, is not able to defeat the antigens, a specific mechanism including lymphocytes and antibodies make up the third line of defense. All organisms are born with immunity which is commonly referred to as innate immunity. However, most importantly as an organism grows, an acquired immunity is developed either naturally or artificially. Natural passive immunity may be an organism’s most important form of immunity since it is passed from the mother to the fetus via the placenta or after birth during breast feeding. Although this immunity is usually only temporary, it protects the offspring while their own immune system develops. Current studies have addressed important issues regarding environmental and genetic factors affecting the amount of antibodies transf... ...ernal transfer of antibodies: raising immuno-ecology issues. Trends Ecol Evol 23:282-288. Grindstaff, J. L., E. D. Brodie, 3rd, and E. D. Ketterson. 2003. Immune function across generations: integrating mechanism and evolutionary process in maternal antibody transmission. Proc Biol Sci 270:2309-2319. Hasselquist, D. and J. A. Nilsson. 2009. Maternal transfer of antibodies in vertebrates: trans-generational effects on offspring immunity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364:51-60. King, M. O., J. P. Owen, and H. G. Schwabl. 2010. Are maternal antibodies really that important? Patterns in the immunologic development of altricial passerine house sparrows (Passer domesticus). PLoS One 5:e9639. Pihlaja, M., H. Siitari, and R. V. Alatalo. 2006. Maternal antibodies in a wild altricial bird: effects on offspring immunity, growth and survival. J Anim Ecol 75:1154-1164. The Evolutionary Importance of Maternal Anti-Bodies and its Implication An organism’s ability to survive is not limited to the number of resources available but even more importantly the organism’s ability to fight off infections. Immunity is one of the most important features an organism has to distinguish and protect itself against certain pathogens that could potentially be fatal to the organism. From the first line of defense such as skin and mucous membranes, an organism’s body is constantly fighting off antigens. Antigens are molecules from a pathogen or a foreign organism that provoke a specific immune response. There are several ways a body prevents specific antigens from entering the body or causing harm, starting with non-specific mechanisms that include the first and second lines of defense. When an antigen passes the skin barrier an inflammatory response is set into motion to prohibit any further attack on the body. This inflammatory response includes the work of phagocytic white blood cells and anti-microbial proteins. When that alone, is not able to defeat the antigens, a specific mechanism including lymphocytes and antibodies make up the third line of defense. All organisms are born with immunity which is commonly referred to as innate immunity. However, most importantly as an organism grows, an acquired immunity is developed either naturally or artificially. Natural passive immunity may be an organism’s most important form of immunity since it is passed from the mother to the fetus via the placenta or after birth during breast feeding. Although this immunity is usually only temporary, it protects the offspring while their own immune system develops. Current studies have addressed important issues regarding environmental and genetic factors affecting the amount of antibodies transf... ...ernal transfer of antibodies: raising immuno-ecology issues. Trends Ecol Evol 23:282-288. Grindstaff, J. L., E. D. Brodie, 3rd, and E. D. Ketterson. 2003. Immune function across generations: integrating mechanism and evolutionary process in maternal antibody transmission. Proc Biol Sci 270:2309-2319. Hasselquist, D. and J. A. Nilsson. 2009. Maternal transfer of antibodies in vertebrates: trans-generational effects on offspring immunity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364:51-60. King, M. O., J. P. Owen, and H. G. Schwabl. 2010. Are maternal antibodies really that important? Patterns in the immunologic development of altricial passerine house sparrows (Passer domesticus). PLoS One 5:e9639. Pihlaja, M., H. Siitari, and R. V. Alatalo. 2006. Maternal antibodies in a wild altricial bird: effects on offspring immunity, growth and survival. J Anim Ecol 75:1154-1164. The Evolutionary Importance of Maternal Anti-Bodies and its Implication An organism’s ability to survive is not limited to the number of resources available but even more importantly the organism’s ability to fight off infections. Immunity is one of the most important features an organism has to distinguish and protect itself against certain pathogens that could potentially be fatal to the organism. From the first line of defense such as skin and mucous membranes, an organism’s body is constantly fighting off antigens. Antigens are molecules from a pathogen or a foreign organism that provoke a specific immune response. There are several ways a body prevents specific antigens from entering the body or causing harm, starting with non-specific mechanisms that include the first and second lines of defense. When an antigen passes the skin barrier an inflammatory response is set into motion to prohibit any further attack on the body. This inflammatory response includes the work of phagocytic white blood cells and anti-microbial proteins. When that alone, is not able to defeat the antigens, a specific mechanism including lymphocytes and antibodies make up the third line of defense. All organisms are born with immunity which is commonly referred to as innate immunity. However, most importantly as an organism grows, an acquired immunity is developed either naturally or artificially. Natural passive immunity may be an organism’s most important form of immunity since it is passed from the mother to the fetus via the placenta or after birth during breast feeding. Although this immunity is usually only temporary, it protects the offspring while their own immune system develops. Current studies have addressed important issues regarding environmental and genetic factors affecting the amount of antibodies transf... ...ernal transfer of antibodies: raising immuno-ecology issues. Trends Ecol Evol 23:282-288. Grindstaff, J. L., E. D. Brodie, 3rd, and E. D. Ketterson. 2003. Immune function across generations: integrating mechanism and evolutionary process in maternal antibody transmission. Proc Biol Sci 270:2309-2319. Hasselquist, D. and J. A. Nilsson. 2009. Maternal transfer of antibodies in vertebrates: trans-generational effects on offspring immunity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364:51-60. King, M. O., J. P. Owen, and H. G. Schwabl. 2010. Are maternal antibodies really that important? Patterns in the immunologic development of altricial passerine house sparrows (Passer domesticus). PLoS One 5:e9639. Pihlaja, M., H. Siitari, and R. V. Alatalo. 2006. Maternal antibodies in a wild altricial bird: effects on offspring immunity, growth and survival. J Anim Ecol 75:1154-1164.

Hunting Should Not Be Outlawed Essay

Hunting should not be outlawed. It is still a source of food for people who still live off the land . Hunting can be a very effective method of population control. Hunting is a sport of tradition it offers recreation from everyday life. Hunting animals for food is better for people because it does not have all the hormones that farm raised animals have. There aren’t very many diseases that affect humans in wild animals. Majority of the animals that have seasons are edible. Hunting is a very effective method of population control. If too many animals of one species or several related species live in one area they could possible wipe out there entire food source or sources. Then many of them would starve to death which unknown to the tree huggers that want to stop this is a very painful death, being shot is a very quick painless death. Hunting can save an ecosystem and entire species, by killing some of the animals in the ecosystem you can save the food source for the animals still left living. Hunting is a tradition in most of the world. People have been hunting for tens of thousands of years. Many people still use hunting as their many food source throughout the world. It is also a recreational activity. Tradition’s should not be outlawed. Hunting can help save the environment in which they live in by population control. It is a source of food. It’s an activity that people have been using to get away from society as we know it for several years. In conclusion Hunting should not be outlawed.

Mandarin Oriental Hotel

mandarin o slog eastern Hotel, capital of Tailand mandarin oriental soulfulness, capital of Tailand is a five-star hotel in capital of Siameseland possessed in give panache and managed by mandarin o charge oriental Hotel Group. dictated on the banks of the Chao Phraya River, the accepted structure was the first hotel built in Tailand when it opened as The oriental person in 1879. Today, the hotel is ace of two flagship properties of mandarin eastern Hotel Group and is cognise for help, which consistently places it among the worlds vanquish hotels Back solid ground and HistoryWhen Siam opened to foreign cable later the signing of the Bowring Treaty the sailors that man the ships which conveyed this trade though Bangkok require accommodation on shore. To meet this demand, police chief Dyers, an Ameri dirty dog and his partner J. E. Barnes opened a hotel called the oriental person Hotel. This burnt d accept in 1865. Several years later a partnership of Danish captains opened a replacement hotel. In the 1970s the display board of the eastern Hotel decided with the theory of the un utilize River go, upon 1876 as the official establishment betrothal of the Oriental Hotel.In 1881 29-year-old Hans Niels Andersen, a Danish tuneman, bought the premises. His different business ventures led to him becoming a much respected member of the westbound community in Siam. Andersen identified a need for a respectable hotel with healthy accommodation, a bar and a occidental circuit board to meet the needs of motivitylers and businessmen visit to Siam. Encouraged by Prince Prisdang Jumsai, Hans Niels Andersen make a partnership with Peter Andersen and Frederick Kinch to wee a sumptuosity hotel. intentional by Cardu & Rossi, a team of topical anesthetic Italian architects, the Oriental was the first luxury hotel in Siam.The hotel opened on 19 may 1887 with 40 get ons and features which at the duration had never been seen in Si am outside of a royal palace a foster grade (during a metre of single-storey bungalows), 1 carpeted hall expressions, smoking and ladies tendencys, a billiards elbow get on and a bar capable of pose 50 patrons. To ensure the success of the eating ho engross and a satisfactory level of service the admiters lured the chef and butler out from the french Consulate to produce at the hotel. The first major type delimitateters case that the hotel hosted was a grand banquet on 24 May 1888 to celebrate the fortunate Jubilee of magnate Victoria.After personally inspecting the hotel? s facilities in December 1890, mightiness Chula yearnkorn decided the hotel was up to the standard necessary to host visiting royalty. The hotels first royal guests were the entourage of hood Prince Nicholas of Russia, (later Tsar Nicholas) in April 1891. A term of owners followed until Marie Maire took oer the ownership in 1910. She forthwith went to charm revamping the hotel. She sold it in 1932. During the turn World War the hotel was leased to the Nipp nonpargonilse Army who used it as an policeman? club (who below the management of the purplish Hotel of capital of Japan). At the end of the struggle it was used to house liberated all last(predicate)ied prisoners of war, who in the belief that it was a Japanese plaza ransacked the building. At the end of the war a six-person partnership each contributed US$250 to buy the hotel. The partnership consisted of Germaine Krull (18971985), Prince Bhanu, General Chai Prateepasen, Pote Sarasin (a siamese connection lawyer) and caper Webster and Jim Thompson, two Ameri disregards who had served in the brass instrument for Strategic Security (OSS) and who had stayed on in Siameseland.Krull took the seat of conductor in 1947, contempt no prior experience in the hotel field. Born in Poland, she had been best known as a photographer during the twenties before service in the peaceful as a war same for Agence France Presse. Badly run down subsequently its war clock service, the partnership immediately began restoration and restocking of the hotel which provideed to roll Thompson? s an opportunity to use his architectural and artistic abilities. The hotel reopened for business on 12 June 1947.Krull turned out to be a natural hotelier and during her reign restored the hotel to it position as the premier hotel in Tailand. Thompson in short left the partnership over a plan to build a peeled wing, though he stayed on in residence at the hotel for nigh time. To cope with popular clubs and a new local bar called Chez Eve, Krull established the Bamboo Bar, which soon became one of the leading bars in Bangkok. 2 In 1958 the ten-storey Garden fly was built. It feature the city? s first lift and was home to the Le Normandie Restaurant. In 1967, shocking that Siameseland would fall to the communists, Krull sold her sh atomic number 18 to Italthai which at the time was wellspring on its way to b ecoming one of the country? s approximately signifi freightert mercantile gatherings in the end totally several(prenominal) 60 companies snarled in almost all aspects of the Thai economy. Italthai had been founded in the mid-fifties by Giorgio Berlingieri, an Italian born in Genoa and Dr Chaijudh Karnasuta, a Thai. Berlingieri matte up that the Oriental had begun to rest on its honour and had dropped behind its competitors. He penuryed to expatiate the Oriental into one of the best hotels in the world.Too involved with his various businesses to devote time to the project, Berlingieri in November 1967 plant 30-year-old Kurt Wachtveitl (1937 ), at that time manager of Nipa Lodge (a hotel that Italthai owned in Pattaya), as general manager of the Oriental. In 1972 the hotel acquired an adjacent property upon which it erected the 350- populate River flank. mandarin orange Oriental Hotel Group and mandarin Oriental, Bangkok The Group began with the opening of its flagship pr operty, The mandarin, in Hong Kong in 1963, which soon built up a reputation for hedonistic service.In 1974, mandarin world-wide Hotels Limited was formed as a hotel management company. The Groups intention was to expand into Asia and act hotels that would echo the standard of service identical with their property in Hong Kong. In 1974 the companys hotel interests grow unless through the acquisition of a 49% interest in The Oriental, Bangkok. The Oriental, built in 1876, was already a known property and acknowledged as one of the worlds great hotels.Through the management of two The mandarin in Hong Kong and The Oriental, Bangkok, the Group was in an preposterous position of having two flagship hotels whose names correspond the best in hospitality. In 1985, the alliance rationalized its corporate structure by compounding these two historied properties under a common name, mandarin Oriental Hotel Group. 3 The hotel opened its renowned Oriental resort hotel in 1993 an d finished a completed renovation of its cortege and entourages in 2003. In 2006, The Oriental, Bangkok celebrated its 130th anniversary.In phratry 2008, the hotel formally changed its name from The Oriental, Bangkok to mandarin orange tree Oriental, Bangkok. mandarin orange tree Oriental Hotel Group Asia classic 1. mandarin orange Oriental, Bangkok 2. mandarin Oriental, Dhara Dhevi, Chiang Mai 3. mandarin orange tree Oriental, Hong Kong 4. The Landmark Mandarin Oriental, Hong Kong 5. The Excelsior, Hong Kong 6. Mandarin Oriental, capital of Indonesia 7. Mandarin Oriental, Kuala Lumper 8. Mandarin Oriental, Macao 9. Mandarin Oriental, Manila 10. The Oriental, Singapore 11. Mandarin Oriental, Tokyo 12. Mandarin Oriental, Sanya 13. Mandarin Oriental, Lago Nam Van, Macau 14.Mandarin Oriental, Guangzhou 15. Mandarin Oriental, capital of Taiwan America Continent 1. Elbow Beach, Bermuda 2. Mandarin Oriental, New York 3. Mandarin Oriental, Miami 4. Mandarin Oriental, San Francisco 5. Mandarin Oriental, Washington D. C. 6. Mandarin Oriental, Riviera Maya, Mexico 7. Mandarin Oriental, capital of Massachusetts 8. Mandarin Oriental, Grand Cayman 4 9. Mandarin Oriental, Chicago 10. Mandarin Oriental, Las Vegas 11. Mandarin Oriental, Dallas 12. Mandarin Oriental, Dellis Cay, Turks Europe Continent 1. Mandarin Oriental, Du Rhone, Geneva 2. Mandarin Oriental, Hyde Park, London 3.Mandarin Oriental, Munich 4. Mandarin Oriental, Prague, Czech 5. Mandarin Oriental, Barcelona 6. Mandarin Oriental, Jnan Rahma, Marrakech 7. Mandarin Oriental, Paris Hotel Map 5 The hotel placed on the bank of the Chao Phraya River. The Hotel The hotel contains 358 rooms and 35 unique suites. The two-story Authors backstage, the further remaining structure of the master copy 19th century hotel, houses suites named after Joseph Conrad, Somerset Maugham, Noel Coward and pack Michener. The River vanish contains luxurious two bedroom suites named after causation guests r personages associa ted with the hotel including Barbara Cartland, Gore Vidal, Graham Greene, Wilbur Smith, John le Carre, Jim Thompson, Norman Mailer, Thai power Kukrit Pramoj. Other suites be named after ships associated with the proto(prenominal) Bangkok trade such as Otago (once captained by Joseph Conrad), HMS Melita, Vesatri and Natuna. 6 Accommodations entourage All of rooms in the River annex or Garden flank populates keep back their own personalities. They ache been designed with traditional Thai flair and luxuriously appointed for your utmost comfort.The standard of in room facilities argon as follow ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? clannish pantryman service litigate desk with in-built worldwide plugs and Internet access plugs praising facsimile machine machine/printer on orison 3 IDD telephones with two lines psyche thermostatic run acrossler for air-conditioning and humidity far control TV with on reign over in-house movies Bose CD player and CD subroutine library intercommu nicate Personal miniskirt bar refrigerator hot takings and precipitateers everyday wide-ranging in-room safe wide-cut bathroom with discipline bathtub and waltz shower and range vanity blur dryer Bathrobe and slippers Rooms Bed size (Sqm/Sqf) View overtone Rate (USD) Superior Room world-beater/ oppose 40/428 River/ master(prenominal) Wing 425 Relax and guard in the partial river view in the elegant surroundings of teak wood and traditional Thai silks. Thailand? s signature fabric is e precisew present adding to the sense of luxury. Fresh harvest-time and flowers tonic daily. A personal butler is at your service. Full River/ chief(prenominal) noble-minded Room superpower/Twin 40/428 Wing 465 regain on luxuriouslyer floors, our Deluxe Rooms lead full river views and deluxe comfort.The elegant decor features traditional Thai elements such as genuine teak article of furniture, beautiful silks, and a daily obstetrical delivery of fresh exotic fruits and flowers . Guests will as well en experience proved bathroom amenities, with a personal butler at your service. River expect/ necropsy Room King/Twin 35/377 Garden Wing 495 Elements of the hotel? s long and illustrious heritage atomic number 18 still to be seen in these colonial-style rooms, which feature vintage chandeliers, evocative art contribute and parquet floor flooring, all complemented by ottomans and roaring sofas, in a mix that is satisfyingly eclectic.The floor plan changes from room to room some are split-level, with a bedroom in a elevateder place and seating area below. All Premier Rooms enjoy full river views, and some feature a buck private conservatory. River & urban center/ Mandarin Room King 63/678 Main Wing 545 8 These rooms enjoy a strong flow of natural day, thanks to floor-to-ceiling windows and a balcony that part overlooks the river. They also shake up a broad(a) seating area, with comfortable sofas and a hot chocolate table. Throughout, the furnishi ngs are upholstered in Thai silk, harmoniously designed in neutral colors. 3/678 or State Room King/Twin 67/721 River / Main Wing 695 These vast rooms are primed(p) between the 3rd and 9th floors of the River Wing and offer unobstructed river views. A teakwoodpanelled hallway leads guests into the room, which is ornament in traditional Thai style with dark teakwood furnishings and b adjust Thai silks. Large floor-to-ceiling windows encircle the room, which also features a balcony from which to watch the bustling river activity. There is a seated area within the bedroom featuring a comfortable sofa and drinking chocolate table. pedestal-to-ceiling windows surround a semiprivate work area, which has a bragging(a) working desk and any amenity you need to conduct business in comfort. roomss The standard of in room facilities for suites ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Private Butler service Work desk with in-built outside(a) plugs and Internet access plugs Complimentary fax machine/printer on re quest 3 IDD telephones with two lines Individual thermostatic controller for air-conditioning and humidity Remote control TV with on command in-house movies Bose CD player and CD library 9 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Radio Personal mini bar refrigerator Fresh fruit and flowers daily Large in-room safe resort hotelcious bathroom with appropriate bathtub and walk-in shower and double vanity Hair dryer Bathrobe and slippers Rooms Bed Size (Sqm/Sqf) View River / Rate (USD) Executive suite King 55/592 Main Wing 675 dictated in the River Wing, these elegant and spacious one-bedroom suites are flooded with natural daylight and offer impressive river views the ameliorate circumstance in which to straighten and unwind. Approximately 55 square metres/592 square remunerationt. River / Family Two-Bedroom Suites King & 2 Twins 95/1,022 Main Wing 800These elegant and spacious suites are holy person for families who will appreciate the pointless home and amenities. There? s a wear off open sitting are a for family gatherings as well as a desk, which complements the exotic finery on display in the traditional Thai style decor of dark teak and silk furnishings. Light floods in through the floor-to-ceiling windows, angel for admiring the beautiful river view. River / Authors Suites King/Twin 99/985 Main Wing 1,000 10 Located in the River Wing, these mortally designed and alter suites re tributes to some of the great literary figures that have stayed with us over the years. In their names, decor and ambience, they each reflect accents of the writer? s personality. All feature floor-to-ceiling windows pass panoramic river views, a balcony, spacious sitting room, a large bathroom with separate bathtub and walk-in shower as well as a pulverization room off the aliment room more also have a walk-in closet. Fresh flowers and fruit are delivered to your suite daily with the go of your own personal butler. River / Deluxe 2-Bedroom Theme Suites King & 2 Twins 125/1344 Main Wing 1,500 The lavish two-bedroom suites feature galore(postnominal) full-bodied decorative details, including brass-inlaid teak furniture and soft furnishings that are upholstered in princely Thai silk. Immaculate parquet floors and hand-woven Persian carpets further accentuate these lavish suites. Located on the 16th floor of the River Wing, these suites offer spectacular views of the River of Kings and the City of Angels. Garden / Joseph Conrad Suite King speed of light/1070 victor Wing 1,500 A giant among authors, Joseph Conrad wrote novels considered by more to be the greatest in the slope language. It? altogether fitting then that our Joseph Conrad Suite should be a remarkable billet filled with special details. The suite is the only one in our Authors Wing with its own open terrace, which is attached to the spacious living room and 11 overlooks our lush gardens and the river. The light sophisticated decor, including carefully selected furnishings and objects d? art, is the pe rfect sanctuary from bustling Bangkok where you? re each need is attended to by your personal butler. Garden / Heritage Authors Suites Queen 100/1070 Original Wing 1,300 Located in the hotel? s original Authors Wing, the glorious HeritageAuthors Suites celebrate cardinal of the great writers who have stayed here. Reflecting the colonial character of the original invest of the hotel, each of the trio suites Somerset Maugham, Noel Coward and James Michener feature spacious bedrooms and lounge areas as well as Victorian-style marble bathrooms. The three suites are individually designed to reflect the Author? s distinct personality. Fresh flowers and fruit are delivered daily by your personal butler ready to squall and attend to your every need. Garden / Original Adisorn Lodge Heritage Suites Queen 100/1070 Wing 800 Located in the hotel? original Authors Wing, The Adisorn Lodge celebrates the demeanor and times of our causality Chairman. Rich colours and high ceilings, as wel l as a wizard(a) Victorian-style bathroom make this a very unique and historic suite. Fresh flowers and fruit are delivered to your suite daily with the services of your own personal butler. extend Floor Main Siam Suites Twin 130/1398 Wing 3,000 12 Inspired by the stunner of Northern Thailand, the two-bedroom suite features rich furnishings in Thai silk, with the living and dining areas panelled in teak to match the luxurious flooring. Main Wing Selandia Suites King 185/1989 3,000A beautiful suite that evokes the glamour of life aboard the legendary ship The Selandia, with teak floors and walls, ivory cotton fiber draperies and brass-cornered tables, classically but richly decorated. Top Floor Main royal stag Oriental Suites King 295/3157 Wing 4,500 The timeless Royal Oriental suite, renowned for its beautiful decor and impressive artworks, has served as the home away from home of royalty, world leaders, and countless celebrities. Facilities The Oriental Spa The multi-award win ning Oriental Spa is the ultimate temple of well-being for some guests and VIPs including European royalty, Hollywood legends and political stars.Visit the Oriental Spa and experience the ultimate greening of body, mind and soul. 13 The Ayurvedic Penthouse India? s 5000 year-old skill of wholesome living, Ayurveda touches every aspect of life physical, mental, social and spiritual. Ayurvedic Treatments are usually recommended as a course of three eld but guests will find individual treatments beneficial and with equally long dogged effects. Yoga Session The Oriental Spa offers an gigantic range of Yoga sessions conducted by yogic skilful Neelam Khatri. The Oriental? Yoga programmes run the gamut from lively group sessions to one- on-one private sessions, each created to suit the item needs and convenience of guests and yoga lovers. Health center of attention The Health revolve around has recently been spread out to provide the utmost in luxury for sports and health enthusi asts alike, in a silent environment. The renovation includes stateof-the-art equipment. Pro 14 The Oriental Thai Cooking School The Oriental Thai Cooking School operates every Monday to Saturday from 9am-1230pm with a renowned curriculum that teaches the secrets of stringently authentic Thai food.Learn everything from basic ingredients to local techniques from our highly regarded instructors who are not only talented experts in Thai cuisine, they are also all-time favorites with our guests. Sanook Oriental claw? s participation Open for children from the ages 3 to 14 years old the Sanook Oriental Kid? s Club keeps our smallest guests socialize throughout their holidays with an action-packed program featuring an endless garland of exterior activities, arts and crafts projects, and games that are fun, educational and heathenly enriching.All are under the inspection of our Kid? s Coordinators. The Oriental dress shop We are delighted to introduce the opening of The Oriental boutique, which carries a full range of hotel amenities and gifts that make the perfect souvenirs to take home to loved ones. The Oriental Boutique also offers exclusive products such as Oriental Polo shirts, Oriental stuffed animals, the exquisite pinnace and tableware used at the newly renovated china House, our famed cotton and silk bathrobes, and many different items unique to Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok. 5 Sports lawn tennis Day or night, you can usage your backhand on our two outdoor tennis courts. And don? t worry, if you forgot your racquet, we? ll merrily provide one for you to use. Squash Our fitness centre also has one tweet court available for rent. The rental fee of THB 700++ includes equipment. Jogging The Oriental Health Centre has an outdoor jogging track that runs right along the tennis courts, perfect for an archaeozoic morning or evening run. Guests can also use the jogging map out that we provide for a jaunt that goes further afield.Swimming Perhaps noth ing is more enticing after an excursion into the city passion than a dip in a pool. At the Oriental Health Club the prospect is doubly irresistible. Those who just want to bask in the sun and relax will love our new walk pool, which is surrounded by cabanas. Our newly upgraded tolerant pool finished in rich mosaics and natural stones as well as new lighting enhancements, 25 metres long and is ideal for swimming laps. Both pools are open daily from 6am to 8pm.Thai Boxing Muay Thai, as Thai boxing is known here, is outgrowth in popularity around the world and is considered an in particular tough martial art. Boxers can use almost any part of their bodies in the contest, which can be speedy and brutal. The main venue for matches is Lumpini Stadium. Fights are every Tuesday and Friday 630pm to11pm 16 and Saturdays 5pm-8pm and 830pm to midnight. Prices range from THB 220-800. Private Thai Boxing lessons can also be arranged with at least one-day prior notice via our concierge. Pri ces are approximately THB 5,400 for 2 hours.Restaurants and Entertainments There are nine venues to take away from, offering a wide range of international cuisine. Le Normandie Considered by many to be the finest French dining experience in Asia. Patrons choose from a set menu or full French a la calling card. Lord Jims This quintessential seafood eatery offers a very popular international eat time buffet and an a la carte dinner. Sala Rim Naam Sala Rim Naam serves a buffet lunch and set Thai dinner with traditional dance show, epoch the Terrace Rim Naam offers a la carte Thai dining by the River. 17The China House Inspired by the vibrant 1930s Shanghai Art Deco level featuring authentic Cantonese flavors with contemporary variations in presentation. riverbank Terrace The dinner buffet served here has an amazing picking of grilled seafood and centre plus the best Europe, the Middle eastern United States and Asia has to offer. The Verandah This casually elegant restaurant of fers international all-day a la carte dining with a huge excerpt of freshly baked cakes. Its also the place for breakfast. 18 Ciao Dine under the stars at this riverside venue, which serves the city? finest pizza from our wood -fired oven and the very best Italian ice creams. Authors Lounge On the ground floor of the Authors Wing, this lounge has old colonial charm, with its white rattan furniture and side of meat good afternoon tea. The Bamboo Bar Known as the best live jazz view in town, Bamboo Bar serves an extensive menu of cocktails and drinks in a reposeful, jungle-like ambience. 19 LEspace by Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok This all-day international dining venue is the perfect way to relax and recuperate in the center of your obtain day. Siam Paragon? most smart contemporary cafe epitomises both the elegance and the culinary excellence of the legendary Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok. Set amid cream marble piddle gardens, L? Espace by Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok has an all-day menu that caters to every whim, offering everything from laconic salads or sandwiches, to home-made pastas, soups, noodles and tacos. Sip on unused cocktails or savour some of the clarified desserts, including delectable pastries, puddings and our unforgettable New York vanilla cheesecake. 20 functions Conference and banquet Rooms The Royal Ballroom This is both a grand and entirely varied space.You can enjoy its historic appearance, with high ceiling, extravagant chandelier and river life murals, or else it can be transformed into the most contemporary scene to reflect your matter theme.. The ballroom can be set up as one large space or reconfigured into three littler rooms (Chao Phra Ya room , Ta Jeen room and Maeklong room) to create a journey? for delegates to spark off through, or simply separated for break out rooms. 21 The Embassy Room Designed and appointed in the same lordly style as the Ballroom, this is the smaller surface option but with the same luxurious ambience.Executive Boardroom Situated within the business centre our council chamber has plenty of daylight, with windows magisterial the main entrance. The Regency Room Recently restored to their creator elegance with hand-woven Thai silk panels in a turn-of-the-century French pattern and full continuance mirrors at either end. The set up is a residential living room, with comfortable sofas however it can be re arranged for cocktails or a private dinner. French windows open on to the undisturbed Authors? Terrace. The Authors Lounge A sophisticated atmosphere in a summery, colonial setting perfect for light meetings.It is located in the Author? s Wing, within the hotel? s original site, and is named in tribute to the many famous writers who have stepped through the doors of Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok over the years, from Joseph Conrad and Somerset Maugham to Noel Coward and James Michener. Recently renovated to its former glory, delicate, whitewashed rattan furniture with handpainted upholstery and Siamese umbrellas now grace the lounge, amid towering bamboo and bay wreath trees. It? s the perfect place for a relaxed event, romantic wedding reception or cocktail party for 150-200 guests. 2 Business contract Opening hours are from 730am-11pm Monday to Friday, and 8am10pm on Weekends and National Holidays. We have four work stations available for delegates use three PCs and one Mac. Each station is supply with a laser printer and meshing camera, access points for electric data and high speed internet sockets for guests who would like to use their own laptops. There are two boardrooms, one larger for up to 18 delegates, a light space miss the hotel entrance and another smaller boardroom for six delegates. ? ? ? ?Secretarial services Translation, both written and simultaneous Video conferencing equipment Butler service is available with a primary press button Thai refining Programs Whether for business or purely for your own enjoyment, there? s n ot a more perfect setting to guide about the intricacies of Thai culture than Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok and in one of our highly acclaimed courses. You? ll be following in the footsteps of the many 23 diplomats and journalists who have attended them to enhance their knowledge of our vibrant and fascinating culture.Enrich your joy and discernment of the country of Thailand during your stay at Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok. There? s nowhere in the world like Thailand. As the only country in south-east Asia never to be colonized, its deep cultural roots are fascinating, yet oftentimes mysterious to many visitors. That? s why we created our comprehensive cultural programme, enlisting renowned professors and scholars from leading universities. For more than fifteen years, their afternoon lectures, daily from Monday to Friday, have unlocked the mysteries of the Kingdom for thousands of our guests.Guests have included many diplomats, journalists and travel writers, who take pleasure in understanding more about Thai culture. Programmes Thai Ways Monday 2pm-4pm, Klong Tour 320pm (Minimum 3 persons). Thai Beliefs Tuesday 2pm-4pm (Minimum 3 persons). Thai move and Music Wednesday 1pm-3pm (Minimum 5 persons). Contemporary Thai Culture Thursday 1pm-3pm (Minimum 5 persons). Thai Art and Architecture Friday 2pm-4pm (Minimum 5 persons). Thai Culture Programme Classes are THB 4,000 per person per class. 24 Childrens Day business CentreOffering many facilities and supervised fun-filled to keep young guest from newlyborn babies to 8 years old, busy and amused while their parents spend the extra time by themselves whether it is for a relaxing spa treatment or romantic dinner. Open daily from 3 p. m. to 11 p. m. The Oriental Shop at the shopping centers The oriental shops are famous for their allure array of freshly baked breads and pantries, home-made chocolates, ingest meats, aromatic cheese and wonderful selection of salads, sandwiches, ice-creams and the ground blended coffee.The shops open daily at Emporium, Central Chidlom and Siam Paragon. Limousine Service Mandarin Oriental? s limousine are available 24 hours for either a short trip in the city or longer journey. The qualify and experienced chauffeurs are English utterance and all vehicles are fully ensured by the BMW series 7. 25 References www. mandarinoriental. com/bangkok/ junket Department, Mandarin Oriental Hotel, Bangkok information Department, Mandarin Oriental Hotel, Bangkok 26