Essay on Puritans in The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel...

Over three centuries ago, Witch Trials plagued the thirteen colonies. Many men and women were tried based on flimsy evidence and eventually hung for their â€Å"crimes†. Being a sore spot in American History, Nathaniel Hawthorne felt the brunt of it. His great-great -grandfather, William Hathorne, was the judge during the famous Salem Witch Trials where he condemned and executed several citizens. On Nathaniel’s way to becoming a renowned author in the United States, Nathaniel changed his last name by adding a ‘w’ to distance himself from his familys past. He later published The Scarlet Letter, which can be described as an attack on the Puritan religion and their behavior. Nathaniel contrasts Puritan and Romantic characteristics to†¦show more content†¦With the Puritans cruel, biblical nature in the novel many would not be surprised if Hester is the ideal mother in the novel, expressing her love to her acclaimed â€Å"demon child†. Her child behaves as a â€Å"witch† to the citizens of the town with her behavior, â€Å"There was witchcraft in Pearl’s eyes, and her face as she glanced upward at the minister, so elfish.† (Hawthorne 151). Even if Pearl appears different than the other children, her mother still floods her with love as the townspeople scorn her. Throughout The Scarlet Letter Hawthorne emphasizes her behavior, â€Å"This image†¦seemed to communicate with its own shadowy and intangible quality to the child herself.† (Hawthorne 153) As Pearl looks into a brook she believes there is another identical Pearl on the other side. Many citizens would look upon this as a sign of the devil, yet Hester considers this interaction as nothing but child’s play. With the Puritans harsh behavior to a child who appears and behaves differently, many would question what would h ave happened if she had been born into a more religious family. Many readers can witness the differences in personality from the beginning of The Scarlet Letter. When Hester approaches the townspeople after being released from jail she behaves in what would be shocking, â€Å"†¦with a burning blush, and yet a haughty smile, and a glance that would not be abashed†¦.† (Hawthorne 50). After just being released from prison, Hester reactsShow MoreRelatedPuritan Society In The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1127 Words   |  5 PagesIn the Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne harshly criticizes Puritan society. From hypocrisy to forgiveness, Hawthorne uses hidden messages and motifs to express his criticism of society and to spread his messages. A social judgement explored by Hawthorne is that a majority perspective stifles individuality. Dimmesdale best exemplifies the social judgement presented in the novel. Puritanical society’s ideals suppress Dimmesdale’s desire to come out as a sinner because he has a status he isn’t willingRead MoreThe Puritan Community in The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne687 Words   |  3 PagesThe Puritan Community in The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter, a novel by Nathaniel Hawthorn takes place in Boston of 1640 of Puritan community. It shows a dark, gray, violently moral society found as a kind of Puritan Utopia. The main characters in the story are Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth. This novel illustrates the effects of sin on the heart and minds, how a persons downfall may be caused by the destructive human emotions of hiddenRead MorePuritans in The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay1427 Words   |  6 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne opens his most famous novel, The Scarlet Letter, in the midst of the action. The novel begins with a crowd of Puritan Bostonians waiting anxiously outside the town jailhouse, hoping to see convicts, sinners, and their overall hated fellow citizens be publicly punished and shamed. This is a classic example in medias res, which translates from Latin to mean â€Å"in the middle of things,† according to Encyclopedia Britannica. The concept of intr oducing a plot while it is occurring andRead MoreThe Hypocritical Judgement of Puritans in The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne597 Words   |  3 Pagesfeelst it will relieve thy suffering, speak out the name of thy fellow sinner. Be not silent because thou wouldst protect him.† (Hawthorne 21). This was said by Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, one of the main characters of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s famous novel, The Scarlet Letter. He says this to his secret lover, Hester, as she stands on the scaffold in front of the entire Puritan community that the story takes place in. She is standing there with her three-month old child, Pearl, as a part of her punishmentRead MorePuritan Condemnation Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1030 Words   |  5 PagesPuritan Condemnation â€Å"The Scarlet Letter is the most nearly static of all Hawthorne’s novels.† (73) This opinion-based quote from the article â€Å"The Characters Reveal the Story’s Meaning,† written by Hyatt H. Waggoner, can properly introduce Nathaniel Hawthorne’s most familiar novel, â€Å"The Scarlet Letter.† After close observation of said novel, it can be inferred that there is very little external conflict when comparing the amount of space devoted to exposition and description; the evidence for thisRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1187 Words   |  5 PagesPuritanism in Red Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter shows the early view of Puritanism by concentrating on sin, guilt, and its effects on society. Nathaniel Hawthorne conveyed a dark and romantic style of writing in â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, impacting the society by focusing on the concepts of romanticism. The Scarlet Letter is considered a classic book and is still read today. Nathaniel Hathorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts on July 4, 1804. He was the son of Nathaniel and Elizabeth ClarkRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1397 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2016 The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 which is based on the time frame of the Puritans, a religious group who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630’s. The Puritans were in a religious period that was known for the strict social norms in which lead to the intolerance of different lifestyles. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the puritan’s strict lifestyles to relate to the universal issues among us. The time frame of the puritans resulted in Hawthorne eventually thinkingRead MoreEssay On John Hathorne878 Words   |  4 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚   Nathaniel Hawthorne was greatly influenced by his great- great grandfather, John Hathorne, to develop the novel The Scarlet Letter.   John hathorne was involved in the persecution of several people in the Salem, Massachusetts (encyclopedia). JOHN HATHORNE AND THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS   Ã‚  Ã‚   In the year 1692, the Salem Witch Trials began and John Hathorne was chosen by Governor Sir William Phips to be a judge during the trials.   Hathorne believed that Satan had the power to pressure people into harmingRead MoreAntifeminist and Feminism within The Scarlet Letter1388 Words   |  6 PagesAntifeminist and Feminism within The Scarlet Letter In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† Hester Prynne is accused and convicted of adultery. During the puritan era women in this society had specific obligations and rights they had to maintain. By Hester having an affair and acting unladylike the community disapproved of her actions causing everyone to isolate her in her town. Due to Hester Prynne’s Isolation and the harsh judgment she received from everyone in her town, she goes throughRead MoreEssay Nathaniel Hawthorne1152 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne’s hatred of Puritanism was so big that he described in many of his writing such as The Scarlet Letter and The Minster Black Veil. He usually satirized them as evildoers and sin creators, not holy and Christ zealous as they described themselves. Hawthorne also used the effects of mysterious human mind and spontaneous action to describe the Puritan as satanic worship and God disobedience. In result, his writing reflected much of his P uritan ancestry affections. Nathaniel Hawthorne

Congenital hearing loss is described as hearing loss that...

Congenital hearing loss is described as hearing loss that exists at birth. Factors responsible for this condition include those present during pregnancy (such as hereditary factors), as well as factors present after pregnancy. An inherited congenital hearing loss could be conductive, sensorineural, or even a combination of both. The amount or progression of this type of hearing loss varies according to each individual’s case. According to Richard Smith, congenital hearing loss is â€Å"syndromic (associated with malformations of the external ear or other organs or with medical problems involving other organ systems) or nonsyndromic (no associated visible abnormalities of the external ear or any related medical problems)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Over 400 genetic†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, there is another kind of a genetic factor called autosomal recessive hearing loss. This means that both parents will typically have normal hearing, but they carry a recessive ge ne for hearing loss. The probability of the child being born with hearing loss is 25%. The sex chromosome X-linked hearing loss is when the mother carries the recessive trait for hearing loss on her sex chromosome and passes it down to the male. This recessive gene would not affect a female child because paired with her father’s gene the trait would remain recessive. Genetic hearing loss can be seen in several syndromes, in which hearing loss can be a result of the syndrome; examples of this are Down syndrome (an extra copy of chromosome 21), Usher syndrome (autosomal recessive), and Treacher Collins syndrome (autosomal dominant). These are not the only examples, but just a few of them. Besides genetic factors, there are other causes of congenital hearing loss. These factors occur naturally as opposed to being genetically passed down from the child’s parent(s). Examples of these natural causes include prenatal illness, infections, or toxins that might have been consumed by the mother during her pregnancy. Other possibilities might include the conditions that happened at the time of delivery or shortly after. All of these causes will most likely resultShow MoreRelatedNegligence - Duty of Care Essay3578 Words   |  15 PagesEXISTENCE OF A DUTY Before 1932 there was no generalised duty of care in negligence. The tort did exist and was applied in particular situations where the courts had decided that a duty should be owed, eg, road accidents, bailments or dangerous goods. In Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562, Lord Atkin attempted to lay down a general principle which would cover all the circumstances where the courts had already held that there could be liability for negligence. He said: The rule that youRead MoreHsc Level 5 Unit 534 Essay14626 Words   |  59 Pagesare the best-known examples, are not pets and should not be touched, fed or spoken to without the user’s permission.When speaking with someone who is hard of hearing or deaf, speak clearly without raising your voice and allow them to see your lip movements to enable them to lip-read (but remember that not all people who are hard of hearing or deaf are able to lip-read). If a disabled person is accompanied bya caregiver, do not be tempted to communicate with the disabled person through the caregiverRead MoreNU 545 Unit 2 Essay10921 Words   |  44 PagesNU 545 Unit 2 Study Guide ! 1. Review the anatomy of the brain. Which portion is responsible for keeping you awake, controlling thought, speech, emotions and behavior, maintaining balance and posture? - Ch. 15 p. 454 Box 15-3 - Brainstem- midbrain, medulla oblongata, and pons Reticular Formation-Collection of nuclei within brainstem that maintains wakefulness and works in conjunction with the cerebral cortex and together they are known as the reticular activating system. P. 454 -Read MoreSocm Study Guide Essay30404 Words   |  122 Pagesdistributed in a solution and diffusion is the net movement of molecules from an area of relatively high concentration to an area of relatively low concentration * Happens through lipid layer or through a member channel * Primary factors are lipid solubility and relative size * Through lipid layer – alcohol, fatty acids, steroids, and dissolved gasses * Through membrane channel – water soluble compounds * Osmosis * The diffusion ofRead MoreBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 Pagesvicinity of the factory are exposed to toxic chemicals that continue to leach from tonnes of waste lying within the UCIL premises causing groundwater and soil contamination. As a result a whole new generation continues to get sick, from cancer and birth defects to everyday impacts o aches and pains, f rashes, fevers, eruptions of boils, headaches, nausea, lack of appetite, dizziness, and constant exhaustion. During the last four years survivors’ organizations have renewed their campaign to both getRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38421 Words   |  154 Pagesreality and human perception. He is a regular contributor to such major magazines as Vogue, The Atlantic Monthly, Harpers, N e w York Magazine, and N e w Scientist. The Legacy of Science Change is one of mankind’s most mysterious creations. The factors that operate t o cause it came into play when m a n produced his first tool. With it he changed the world forever, and bound himself t o the artifacts he would create in order, always, t o make tomorrow better than today. But how does change operateRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38427 Words   |  154 Pagesreality and human perception. He is a regular contributor to such major magazines as Vogue, The Atlantic Monthly, Harpers, N e w York Magazine, and N e w Scientist. The Legacy of Science Change is one of mankind’s most mysterious creations. The factors that operate t o cause it came into play when m a n produced his first tool. With it he changed the world forever, and bound himself t o the artifacts he would create in order, always, t o make tomorrow better than today. But how does change operateRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pagestitle 5, United 7 States Code. 8 (ii) CHURCH governmental PLANS.—A church plan 9 (as defined in section 3(33) of the Em- 10 ployee Retirement Income Security Act of 11 1974); and 12 (C) excludes coverage described in section 13 302(d)(2)(E) (relating to TRICARE). 14 (7) ENHANCED PLAN.—The term ‘‘enhanced 15 plan’’ has the meaning given such term in section 16 303(c). 17 (8) ESSENTIAL BENEFITS PACKAGE.—The term 18

Business Economics

Question: The price of oil is determined by supply and demand. The price of oil has fallen from $115 per barrel in mid July 2014 to about $85 per barrel by mid October 2014 (a fall of almost 25%). a) Based on your understanding of the economic theory of supply and demand, describe why the price of oil has continued to fall so much even though the consumption of oil has not decreased substantially. b) With oil price falling, there will be some countries that will benefit and some countries who will lose out. How would the fall in price of oil affect the economies of: huge oil importing countries such as China or India (have very little oil of their own)? huge oil exporting countries such as Saudi Arabia or Iran ( have a lot of oil to export)? exporting a lot of oil as well as consumes a lot of oil as well internally ( USA or Indonesia)? Answer a: The oil price is somewhat controlled by real supply and demand, and somewhat by hope. Demand for vitality is nearly identified with financial movement (Mitchell, 2006). It likewise spears in the frost in the northern side of the equator, and amid summers in nations which utilize ventilating. Supply is capable of being influenced by climate (which averts oil-tanks stacking) and by geopolitical troubles. In case the creators for oil think the price is remaining soaring, they contribute, which follows a slack helps supply. Correspondingly, low prices cause a venture dry season. OPEC's choices form desires: in the event that it checks supply pointedly, it can dispatch prices rising. Saudi Arabia delivers about 10m barrels everyday1/3rd of the OPECs entire. The price of oil has kept on falling a lot despite the fact that the utilization of oil has not diminished significantly that is on account of, at literally the identical moment in time, geopolitical clashes were erupting in major oil locales. There was a common warfare within Libya. Iraq was confronting dangers as of ISIS. The US and EU slapped oil endorses on Iran and squeezed its oil selling overseas. On the supply side, the proof focuses to various variables, together with astonishment increments in oil generation (lbrahim, 2008). This is to some extent because of quicker than anticipated recuperation of Libyan oil creation in September and uninfluenced Iraq generation, in spite of turmoil. A main consideration, nonetheless, is clearly the in public proclaimed proposition of Saudi Arabiathe greatest oil maker inside OPECnot to contradict the relentlessly expanding supply of oil as of together other OPEC and non-OPEC makers, and the ensuing November choice through OPEC to keep up their aggregate generation roof of 30 million barrels everyday notwithstanding an apparent overabundance. The enduring increment in worldwide oil creation possibly will be observed as "the puppy that didn't woof." as such, oil prices had continued generally soaring regardless of the growing course in worldwide oil generation because of the recognition at the time of OPEC's affected bottom price. The ensuing move by the sway maker however assisted elicit a central transform in desires regarding the potential way of worldwide oil supply, thusly clarifying both the timing and greatness of the drop in oil prices, getting the last nearer to the intensity of competitive market equilibrium. Answer b: i) Huge oil importing countries such as China or India (have very little oil of their own)? Nations similar to India and China, which disburses immense oil import statement, have possessed the capacity to diminishing their income deficiency adequately (Alboudwarej et. al. 2006). As of late India deregulated gas prices which saw diminish in its market costs subsequent to the deregulation, which had been chiefly because of drop in worldwide gas prices which are connected to dropping oil prices as well China advantages short of what may be normal from dropping oil prices notwithstanding being the world's biggest oil merchant. That is incompletely on the grounds that the substantial dependence on coal resources a large portion of the economy is presented to oil prices via the vehicle segment. Diesel and petroleum costs, laid via the state, discontinue nearly following oil prices at approximately $80 a barrel. That is uplifting reports for state-possessed oil refiners CNPC and Sinopec, however not as much of so for organizations and drivers. China's strategy banks are additionally vigorously presented to significant oil exporters together with Venezuela, keeping aside Beijing defenceless at the time of dropping prices strike those nations' capacity to reimburse credits (Hull, 2013). Vigorously reliant on foreign oil and plague for a considerable length of time by monetary shortfalls and soaring expansion, India is an unmistakable recipient of inferior oil prices (Oil megaprojects, 2009). By October, the expense of oil imports had officially tumbled to $164bn in the past 12-month phase, as of a crest of $169bn in July, and that bill will reduce in size supplementary. ii) Huge oil exporting countries such as Saudi Arabia or Iran (have a lot of oil to export)? There has been an immense loss of income for these nations. Co-appointment between OPEC nations is dimnishining with nobody consenting to lessening its generation, particularly Saudi Arabia, dreading reduction in their piece of the overall industry. Russia which wins 70% of its revenue from exports as of oil and gas sent overseas has been smacked tough with its cash (rouble) dropping quickly. Venezuela, a kind of the biggest oil makers, has been stumbling beneath elevated inflation (60%), by means of its economy on the verge of retreat. Saudi, other Gulf makers similar to UAE, Kuwait have profound compartments of overseas currency and are capable to scuttle on shortfall for quite a long while. Yet nations like Iran, Iraq in addition to Nigeria by means of more prominent local financial planned demands in light of their extensive populace dimensions in connection to their oil incomes have not as much of space for move. Financial cradles are set up to counterbalance the effect of any impending local shortage yet Saudi Arabia the globe's biggest exporter will in any case be amongst the Gulf countries mainly influenced on decrease in oil prices. On $60 per barrel the kingdom, whose oil receptions represented 85 % of fares and 90 % of monetary income in 2013, would encounter a financial shortfall identical to 14 % of GDP in 2015. Its immense oversease trade stores, assessed at near to $740bn, will counterbalance a percentage of the negative impacts of a good deal inferior oil prices, however this kind of a focused on situation is still prone to mean a force back in spending on social projects which had expanded generously emulating turmoil identified with the Arab revolution (Arezki et al. 2014). By means of no panorama of oil prices rising sooner rather than later there is additional weight to beat an atomic arrangement before the June2015 due date. US saving money approvals have fetched Iran a large portion of its oil incomes. Anyway an assention could possibly permit Iran, which clasps the world's fourth biggest stores, to offer more oil and have entry to almost $100bn of overseas trade supplies which it has been banned from getting to. Disappointment could prompt a contracting of the financial system and social distress. iii) Exporting a lot of oil as well as consumes a lot of oil as well internally (USA or Indonesia)? Dropping oil prices may ease off the shale upheaval however are yet uplifting news for the US financial system, since the money saved spends on topping off an auto swells the wallets of countless purchasers. The drop in oil prices up to now will give the US people approx $75bn per annum to expend on different products around 0.7 %of aggregate US utilization. Examiners anticipate a drop in oil speculation. inferior oil prices have turned economists further certain regarding the standpoint for 2015 with HSBC lifting one year from now's development gauge from 2.6 % to 2.8 %. Less expensive oil will mull over effectively low expansion yet the Federal Reserve is taking that impact as once in a lifetime Future perspective There possibly will be decrease in oil supply in case additional conflict breaks in the Middle East (ISIS). Europe along with China could bounce back in near upcoming times and increase demand on behalf of the oil. Saudi Arabia may decrease its oil production. whichever of these, in case occurs, would certainly force oil prices growing. In case we observe the history, oil prices have always bounced back to normal intensity, however it is up till now to be seen how much time it will take. References Alboudwarej et. al. (2006). Highlighting Heavy Oil. Oilfield Review, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 34-53. Arezki, R. , Loungani P. , van der Ploeg, R. and Venables T. , (2014). Understanding International Commodity Price Fluctuations, Journal of International Money and Finance, Vol 42, April, pp. 1-8 Hull, John C., (2013). Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, 5th Edition. New Jersey:Prentice Hall. lbrahim, Y., (2008). 'Oi1 Producers Cope With Steep Drop in Revenues," New York Times (June 23, 2008). Mitchell, John V., (2006). A new era for oil prices. Massaschutes Institute of Technology, Center for energy and environmental policy research Working Paper, #WP-2006-014. Oil megaprojects, (2009). Database of oil field investments based on documented corporate sources. Business Economics Questions: (1). Table 1: GDP Data for Countries A and B Country A Country B $billions $billions Household Consumption 150 150 Government Purchases 250 250 Transfer payments 50 60 Total Gross Fixed Capital Expenditures 50 150 Change in Inventories 50 -50 Exports 40 40 Imports 20 2 Consider the data in table 1 for two countries: A and B. a. Calculate the GDP for both countries. b. Discuss the usefulness of these data in deciding which, if any, of these two countries is likely to be experiencing an economic recession. (2). Obtain Australia's real GDP and CPI data from 1980 to 2015. Calculate the annual growth rates of real GDP and inflation and graph both series together. Is/are there some interesting or salient relationship(s) between those two series? Provide and discuss plausible economic explanation(s), including change in economic events and change in government policy, for the relationship(s) you identified. (3). Obtain Australia's real GDP and unemployment data from 1980 to 2015. Calculate the growth rates of real GDP and unemployment and graph both series together. Is/are there some interesting or salient relationship(s) between those two series? Provide and discuss plausible economic explanation(s), including change in economic events and change in government policy, for the relationship(s) you identified. Answers: (1). Country A: Household consumption+ Government purchases + Total Gross Fixed Capital+ Changes in inventory (Exports Imports) =150+250+50+50 +(40-20)=$520 billion Country B: =150+250+60-50+(40-20)=$430 Billion GDP is calculated by using the formulae GDP = C + G + I + NX C represents private consumption, or consumer spending, in a nation's economy, G represents the total value of government spending, I = total investment (spending on goods and services) by businesses,capital expendituresand NX is the nation's total net exports, (NX = Exports - Imports). or it is customary to mention or cite as GDP is an acronym that summarizes the expression of Gross Domestic Product or Gross Domestic Product, an extended concept in many countries as GDP (Gross Domestic Product). This is a notion which includes the total production of goods and services a nation during a given period of time, expressed as an amount or monetary price. By delving about the importance of GDP, we see that it is covered by national accounts and only covers products and services arising within the framework of the formal economy (ie, it neglects what is known as black work, trade in services among friends, illegal business, etc. Importance of this information It is important to note that GDP is linked to production within a given territory, beyond the origin of the companies. For example, a French company with production in Chile brings the Chilean GDP, to cite one case by reference. The monetary valuation of GDP can be done according to the market price (including subsidies and indirect taxes) or according to factor cost and enables the government to know which sector of the economy needs to be given more emphasis so that there can be more output.The per capita GDP, finally, attempts to measure the existing material wealth in a country from dividing the total GDP by the number of inhabitants. The result, of course, does not reflect the reality of each person, since there are huge differences in the distribution of wealth. The information is used to determine the social welfare index of the people. According to a proposal by the United Nations Environmental care, this information, which all countries cling to know the reality, is a perverse indicator of social welfare, only it reflects the amount of financial transactions that have been made in that country, no matter at what cost or who they were possible (Bai and Wei, 2000). It is used in planning; The evaluation of statistical data is based on an inductive process. This means that from a small number of private data, try to draw a general conclusion.. That is why such evaluations are always subject to error. However, it is surprising how effective that has come to be achieved by such considerations. It is far from a coincidence that is used for studies of diverse materials. It is also useful in the field of politics. For example, when required to conduct a survey of the intention to vote for a particular candidate are often taken surveys in different social strata and different regions of the country. Country B is most likely experiencing recession as it has a lower GDP. (2). GDP in ($ billion) CPI 1980 149.7 48.8 1985 180.2 67.8 1990 310.9 100 1995 368 113.9 2000 412 127.7 2005 693.3 147 2010 1141 170.3 2015 1620 108.4 Series 1= GDP in $ billions Series 2=CPI Relationship between GDP and inflation The graph shows that with increase in Gross domestic product there is always an increase in consumer price index.Inflation is an economic phenomenon; consisting of the significant and continuing increase in the general level of prices of goods, services and productive factors of a country. Inflation thus implies reducing the purchasing power of money, and this affects all economic agents. Inflation is not calculated with the Consumer Price Index, that is an approach that facilitates its estimate in the short term. Inflation is rise prices of the economy, ie wholesale price of fixed assets, of agricultural products in the field, etc. Prices of products are established based on two forces: the offer is the production of goods and services, demand that is what people need or require (feed, clothe and have fun etc.) and companies require for their production process, if there is an imbalance in one of those two forces, there is talk of inflation (more demand than supply) or deflation (more supply than demand). Knowing the components of aggregate demand are household consumption, demand for business investment and government spending; Keynesian explanation of inflation is based on the sum of these three components may be higher than the country's productive capacity. Monetarists also believe that inflation is mainly caused by excess demand, but instead of looking among the agents a particular culprit, consider that it is the uncontrolled growth of the amount of money in circulation which will increase sufficient available to all agents in general and therefore all components of demand. Therefore, if the money supply is greater than the production capacity (GDP), inflation will be generated. Inflation is negative for the generation of goods and services of GDP, because it lacks the purchasing power of the population causing a decrease in savings under more money goes to buy food and other necessities for the family welfare then decreases demand and producers must reduce their production, They cause an increase in interest rates, which for people who have debts, their situation becomes difficult as they must devote more resources to pay debts with their respective interests and businesses represents a high cost to produce. One component of GDP is government spending, variable make it grow it is not exactly beneficial, for example, public spending this year in USA will be very high for all rescue maneuvers and spending that has infiltrated to stop I unstoppable. It is possible that a correction factor calculation of GDP is used because otherwise the false notion that the economy has grown by the effect this will have huge public spending.With inflation one cannot say that the consumer will not buy because if the consumer does not purchase would not have inflation because inflation is the rise in prices of consumer goods, and consumers need consumer goods. The relationship then it would be that inflation distorted GDP values are obtained, since consumer income should go almost all toward the purchase of goods indispensable consumption and decreases or savings, which is another variable of GDP disappears. With the distortion of prices and costs the variables involved in the calculation of GDP are distorted, so correction factors to conceal or diminish this distortion are used. inflation causes some comfort, although long term ends up attacking the foundations of economic growth: savings and investment. In the short term, inflation is accompanied by some positive indicators that are reflected in the famous Phillips curve, a negative empirical relationship between unemployment and rising prices. This relationship is widely used as an argument to sustain inflationary policies because it suggests that expansionary policies will keep unemployment low cost with only a little inflation (Haugen and Musser, 2011). In short periods, it has a certain logic and because the economy can grow in the short term using the resources you have more intensively. In a context of low unemployment and low idle capacity, competition for productive resources becomes stronger, boosting wages, raw material costs, labor demand and prices and inflation appears. In the long term, the rate of expansion of the economy will depend on the level of capital, infrastructure, technology, labor and human capital (Bank, 2013). This growth is called long-term growth potential. This potential growth can be interpreted as the potential GDP growth, sometimes treated as the highest GDP could be achieved at a given time if the most of all the capital stock and all the jobs available are used and, sometimes, interpreted as GDP maximum that can be achieved without generating inflation.In general, both meanings of potential GDP can be used similarly because potential growth is similar in both cases. For the sake of simplicity we will refer to as the maximum potential GDP can be achieved (Bai and Wei, 2000). The effects In practice, it will never reach this maximum GDP, but attempts to achieve it lead to greater economic growth in certain period and also to higher inflation. When the government makes expansionary policies as excessively increase the amount of money or government spending, what it does is push the GDP to grow faster than potential GDP grows (Bologna, 2010). In a scenario of high unemployment and high idle capacity, the economy will expand, as happened between 2002 and 2005 in Australia (Todaro and Smith, 2006). However, if the same policies continue to apply under low unemployment and low spare capacity, there will be inflation. This, in turn, drives consumer. Increased liquidity monetary issue that accompanies inflation causes a low interest rate, which discourages saving and encourages consumption. Thus, a new "feel" of being created. However, lack of savings ends up reducing the financing of productive investment, which is one of the main pillars of growth potential. This process tends to perpetuate itself. As there is more inflation, less and less is invested grows. Whereupon, expansionary policies are generating more inflation and less growth. In the end, the potential GDP stagnates and inflation can turn into hyperinflation,. In short, inflation initially creates a sense of well-being, the economy manages to grow a little faster than it would without expansionary policies and interest rates become negative in real terms (they are lower than inflation, which encourages consumption and even some kind of short-term investment). However, long-term domestic savings and economic fundamentals become volatile (exchange rate, real wages, etc.) are discouraged, all of which ends up impacting on levels of long-term investment and economic growth is punished. This impacts on the collection, there are problems such as the "Tanzi effect" and leads to fiscal problems (Singh, 2013). If this deficit is financed by printing money, increasing inflation is generated, but no impact on the level of activity because the economy is already "overheated". If this process does not stop in time it becomes a vicious circle that costs increasingly emerge as a drug. (3). Year GDP in ($ billion) Unemployment rate 1980 149.7 0.061 1985 180.2 0.082 1990 310.9 0.069 1995 368 0.0848 2000 412 0.0627 2005 693.3 0.0505 2010 1141 0.052 2015 1620 0.058 Consider a thorough analysis of macroeconomic agents could lead to general conclusions, where they generate improvements in chain for developing countries according to the trends that these have over time, thus affecting individuals a personal background that together promote substantial benefits for the entire population and the country's growth (IMF glossary, 2002).It is in this way that the macroeconomy provides powerful tools to analyze the real world as it is based on issues such as inflation, unemployment, economic cycles, economic growth and balance of international payments, based on the study of the economy on a large scale (The Little Data Book 2007,). For this reason, the study of the possible consequences that entails an increase or decrease in the macro factors affects us all; therefore, economic growth, employment rates and unemployment, increase or decrease in investment, capital, savings, inflation, disturbances in the exchange rate and its interrelation produce consequences on developing countries and is no exception in the case of Costa Rica. An analysis of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and unemployment rates creates a question: What effect generates GDP on the level of employment in a country ?, so we headed to discover whether there is a relationship between them and what they are disturbances that cause the population. Unemployment rates are studied in order to know its relation to the welfare of the population hence to reduce unemployment is assumed to lower the poverty which is not true in its entirety but conclusions tend to think, so it is said that when an economy is in recession unemployment rates tend to rise this that income is reduced and therefore the demand, so that the companies produce and sell less and also hire fewer staff here their relationship GDP and the chain reaction of macroeconomic agents. Employment gives people the ability to generate income and through these purchase goods and services to meet the needs and thus create a better standard of living. How much has to grow GDP to increase employment and reduce unemployment? This is a very common question that usually get similar answers: about 2%. However, the question is not well founded because there is bidirectional causality between GDP and employment macro magnitudes (Informing a nation, 2005). Depending on productivity, higher GDP growth leads to an increase in net employment. Depending on the use of the remaining productive inputs, more employment implies a higher GDP growth via aggregate demand. Neither the previous answer is necessarily correct: as evidenced then depends on many other factors. There are alternative visions of labor market functioning emphasizing different causal mechanisms. According to neoclassical theory, given the existing technology, the level of real wages (minus GDP deflator nominal wage) determines the number of hours worked with companies maximize their profits. This level of employment is not dependent on aggregate therefore under perfect competition demand, companies can sell what they want at the equilibrium price. On the contrary, calling into question the competitive functioning of markets for goods and services, Keynesian theory predicts reverse causality: from the output / employment to real wages. Because of new technology, employment is determined by aggregate demand that companies operating in monopolistic competition, where price-cost margins play a relevant role face. For a predetermined level of employment, labor demand of these businesses real wage sets compatible with minimizing production costs. Thus, the response of 2% comes from using the historical data of the Australian economy to fit a linear relationship between the growth rates of employment (dependent variable) and GDP (explanatory variable). This relationship implies that the first rate is equal to the second multiplied by a slope (elasticity of employment to GDP) plus a constant (ordinate) that indicates the change in employment when GDP does not change (Macro Economics, 2006). Dear both parameters, we can easily calculate what is the threshold rate of GDP growth consistent with a zero rate of change of employment. Being a growing relationship, higher rates (lower) than the threshold will mean creation (destruction) Net employment. The same exercise can be formulated using variations in the unemployment rate in a year compared to the previous. Since the change in the unemployment rate roughly equal to the difference between the growth rates of the labor force and employment, the fact that the workforce fluctuates m uch less than the occupation means that the new threshold is similar to the previous one. The problem with this simple approach is that the adjustment of the linear relationship to the observed data can be quite poor (large waste) besides showing symptoms of instability over time. Why? Simply because key elements are ignored in both theories, such as changes in the evolution of existing technology, prices of labor, the degree of competition in markets for goods and services and the adjustment costs of inputs (costs of firing and hiring, installation costs of machinery, etc.) (Macro Economics, 2006). How to maximize profits and minimize production costs are dual problems in company operations to a given technology (production function), estimate the threshold GDP growth needed to improve the outlook of our labor market is not such a complicated task . It is derived demand functions of the factors to produce a given output, abstracting how this is determined amount (Singh, 2013). There econometric techniques that allow this approach. They can also be obtained thresholds GDP growth in the short and long term, depending on the dynamics of adjustment costs. The results of this paper indicate that the fall in real wages, lower dismissal costs and the slight increase of temporality may have reduced the threshold needed to create net employment to about 1%. Even 0.3% would be sufficient to reduce the unemployment rate, given the progressive reduction of the workforce, via discouragement and emigration (Singh, 2013). The demand and supply policies aimed at overcoming such thresholds GDP growth and to improve the quality of the new jobs are another matter. References Bai, C. and Wei, S. (2000).Quality of bureaucracy and open-economy macro policies. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Bank, W. (2013).World Development Indicators 2013. Washington: World Bank Publications. Berlatsky, N. (2013).Inflation. Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press. Bologna, P. (2010).Australian banking system resilience. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund. Census of population and housing. (2003). Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics. Davig, T. and Leeper, E. (2005).Fluctuating macro policies and the fiscal theory. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Haugen, D. and Musser, S. (2011).Unemployment. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Hubbard, R. (2009).Macro economics. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Prentice Hall. IMF glossary. (2002). Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund. Inflation. (2009). [Mosman]: iMinds. Informing a nation. (2005). [Canberra]: Australian Bureau of Statistics. Karne, M. and Patel, V. (2007).The macro economic policies and the millennium development goals. New Delhi: Gyan Pub. House. Kim, S. and McKenzie, M. (2010).International banking in the new era. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Macro Economics. (2006). Pearson Education UK. Macro Economics. (2006). Pearson Education UK. Merino, N. (n.d.).Unemployment. Singh, S. (2013).Macro economics. New Delhi: APH Pub. Corp. Singh, S. (2013).Macro economics. New Delhi: APH Pub. Corp. The Little Data Book 2007. (2007). Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Todaro, M. and Smith, S. (2006).Economic development. Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley. Business Economics Question: The price of oil is determined by supply and demand. The price of oil has fallen from $115 per barrel in mid July 2014 to about $85 per barrel by mid October 2014 (a fall of almost 25%). a) Based on your understanding of the economic theory of supply and demand, describe why the price of oil has continued to fall so much even though the consumption of oil has not decreased substantially b) With oil price falling, there will be some countries that will benefit and some countries who will lose out. How would the fall in price of oil affect the economies of: i) huge oil importing countries such as China or India (have very little oil of their own)? ii) huge oil exporting countries such as Saudi Arabia or Iran ( have a lot of oil to export)? iii) exporting a lot of oil as well as consumes a lot of oil as well internally ( USA or Indonesia)? Answer: a) The oil price is somewhat controlled by real supply and demand, and somewhat by hope. Demand for vitality is nearly identified with financial movement (Mitchell, 2006). It likewise spears in the frost in the northern side of the equator, and amid summers in nations which utilize ventilating. Supply is capable of being influenced by climate (which averts oil-tanks stacking) and by geopolitical troubles. In case the creators for oil think the price is remaining soaring, they contribute, which follows a slack helps supply. Correspondingly, low prices cause a venture dry season. OPEC's choices form desires: in the event that it checks supply pointedly, it can dispatch prices rising. Saudi Arabia delivers about 10m barrels everyday1/3rd of the OPECs entire. The price of oil has kept on falling a lot despite the fact that the utilization of oil has not diminished significantly that is on account of, at literally the identical moment in time, geopolitical clashes were erupting in major oil locales. There was a common warfare within Libya. Iraq was confronting dangers as of ISIS. The US and EU slapped oil endorses on Iran and squeezed its oil selling overseas. On the supply side, the proof focuses to various variables, together with astonishment increments in oil generation (lbrahim, 2008). This is to some extent because of quicker than anticipated recuperation of Libyan oil creation in September and uninfluenced Iraq generation, in spite of turmoil. A main consideration, nonetheless, is clearly the in public proclaimed proposition of Saudi Arabiathe greatest oil maker inside OPECnot to contradict the relentlessly expanding supply of oil as of together other OPEC and non-OPEC makers, and the ensuing November choice through OPEC to keep up their aggregate generation roof of 30 million barrels everyday notwithstanding an apparent overabundance. The enduring increment in worldwide oil creation possibly will be observed as "the puppy that didn't woof." as such, oil prices had continued generally soaring regardless of the growing course in worldwide oil generation because of the recognition at the time of OPEC's affected bottom price. The ensuing move by the sway maker however assisted elicit a central transform in desires regarding the potential way of worldwide oil supply, thusly clarifying both the timing and greatness of the drop in oil prices, getting the last nearer to the intensity of competitive market equilibrium. b) i) Huge oil importing countries such as China or India (have very little oil of their own)? Nations similar to India and China, which disburses immense oil import statement, have possessed the capacity to diminishing their income deficiency adequately (Alboudwarej et. al. 2006). As of late India deregulated gas prices which saw diminish in its market costs subsequent to the deregulation, which had been chiefly because of drop in worldwide gas prices which are connected to dropping oil prices as well China advantages short of what may be normal from dropping oil prices notwithstanding being the world's biggest oil merchant. That is incompletely on the grounds that the substantial dependence on coal resources a large portion of the economy is presented to oil prices via the vehicle segment. Diesel and petroleum costs, laid via the state, discontinue nearly following oil prices at approximately $80 a barrel. That is uplifting reports for state-possessed oil refiners CNPC and Sinopec, however not as much of so for organizations and drivers. China's strategy banks are additionally vigorously presented to significant oil exporters together with Venezuela, keeping aside Beijing defenceless at the time of dropping prices strike those nations' capacity to reimburse credits (Hull, 2013). Vigorously reliant on foreign oil and plague for a considerable length of time by monetary shortfalls and soaring expansion, India is an unmistakable recipient of inferior oil prices (Oil megaprojects, 2009). By October, the expense of oil imports had officially tumbled to $164bn in the past 12-month phase, as of a crest of $169bn in July, and that bill will reduce in size supplementary ii) Huge oil exporting countries such as Saudi Arabia or Iran (have a lot of oil to export)? There has been an immense loss of income for these nations. Co-appointment between OPEC nations is dimnishining with nobody consenting to lessening its generation, particularly Saudi Arabia, dreading reduction in their piece of the overall industry. Russia which wins 70% of its revenue from exports as of oil and gas sent overseas has been smacked tough with its cash (rouble) dropping quickly. Venezuela, a kind of the biggest oil makers, has been stumbling beneath elevated inflation (60%), by means of its economy on the verge of retreat. Saudi, other Gulf makers similar to UAE, Kuwait have profound compartments of overseas currency and are capable to scuttle on shortfall for quite a long while. Yet nations like Iran, Iraq in addition to Nigeria by means of more prominent local financial planned demands in light of their extensive populace dimensions in connection to their oil incomes have not as much of space for move. Financial cradles are set up to counterbalance the effect of any impending local shortage yet Saudi Arabia the globe's biggest exporter will in any case be amongst the Gulf countries mainly influenced on decrease in oil prices. On $60 per barrel the kingdom, whose oil receptions represented 85 % of fares and 90 % of monetary income in 2013, would encounter a financial shortfall identical to 14 % of GDP in 2015. Its immense oversease trade stores, assessed at near to $740bn, will counterbalance a percentage of the negative impacts of a good deal inferior oil prices, however this kind of a focused on situation is still prone to mean a force back in spending on social projects which had expanded generously emulating turmoil identified with the Arab revolution (Arezki et al. 2014). By means of no panorama of oil prices rising sooner rather than later there is additional weight to beat an atomic arrangement before the June2015 due date. US saving money approvals have fetched Iran a large portion of its oil incomes. Anyway an assention could possibly permit Iran, which clasps the world's fourth biggest stores, to offer more oil and have entry to almost $100bn of overseas trade supplies which it has been banned from getting to. Disappointment could prompt a contracting of the financial system and social distress. iii) Exporting a lot of oil as well as consumes a lot of oil as well internally (USA or Indonesia)? Dropping oil prices may ease off the shale upheaval however are yet uplifting news for the US financial system, since the money saved spends on topping off an auto swells the wallets of countless purchasers. The drop in oil prices up to now will give the US people approx $75bn per annum to expend on different products around 0.7 %of aggregate US utilization. Examiners anticipate a drop in oil speculation. inferior oil prices have turned economists further certain regarding the standpoint for 2015 with HSBC lifting one year from now's development gauge from 2.6 % to 2.8 %. Less expensive oil will mull over effectively low expansion yet the Federal Reserve is taking that impact as once in a lifetime Future perspective There possibly will be decrease in oil supply in case additional conflict breaks in the Middle East (ISIS). Europe along with China could bounce back in near upcoming times and increase demand on behalf of the oil. Saudi Arabia may decrease its oil production. whichever of these, in case occurs, would certainly force oil prices growing. In case we observe the history, oil prices have always bounced back to normal intensity, however it is up till now to be seen how much time it will take. References Alboudwarej et. al. (2006). Highlighting Heavy Oil. Oilfield Review, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 34-53. Arezki, R. , Loungani P. , van der Ploeg, R. and Venables T. , (2014). Understanding International Commodity Price Fluctuations, Journal of International Money and Finance, Vol 42, April, pp. 1-8 Hull, John C., (2013). Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, 5th Edition. New Jersey:Prentice Hall. lbrahim, Y., (2008). 'Oi1 Producers Cope With Steep Drop in Revenues," New York Times (June 23, 2008). Mitchell, John V., (2006). A new era for oil prices. Massaschutes Institute of Technology, Center for energy and environmental policy research Working Paper, #WP-2006-014. Oil megaprojects, (2009). Database of oil field investments based on documented corporate sources. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_megaprojects. Accessed: 23.2.2009

The kitchen, a realist text is written by Arnold Wesker, a naturalistic writer Essay Example

The kitchen, a realist text is written by Arnold Wesker, a naturalistic writer Essay The kitchen, a realist text is written by Arnold Wesker, a naturalistic writer. These terms have been used for many years now in conjunction with theatre. Their meanings have changed and very easily overlap with each other, just as the above quotes suggest; because of this the task of performing in the form of realism as opposed to naturalism is impossible. This suggests that in performance there is a real possibility of creating the desired effect without having to justify whether it is naturalistic or indeed realistic. Performing a section of the kitchen requires at least a basic understanding of these terms. Arnold Wesker gives a lengthy explanation of what he wants to see on stage, he goes to great detail to explain his restaurant and the people in it: The quality of food here is not so important as the speed with which it is served (Wesker 1960). Wesker continues to give character notes on each of his main 15 characters that are also accompanied by specific actions for many of them. Now directors, especially in the ever more contemporary theatre world we live in, will be tempted to ignore or change these notes to create their own aesthetic on stage. For me this would be criminal. When experimenting with the actions each character is given, by means of mime, possible cooking methods are extremely difficult to generate especially differentiating between actions. Extra research is needed to look at exactly how each dish is made in a real kitchen. Once we as performers have our own certain routines set out it is clear we need the correct amount of space to operate correctly. We will write a custom essay sample on The kitchen, a realist text is written by Arnold Wesker, a naturalistic writer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The kitchen, a realist text is written by Arnold Wesker, a naturalistic writer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The kitchen, a realist text is written by Arnold Wesker, a naturalistic writer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer At this point we were fitted into positions within a given set. Already there is a performance in itself without even speaking a word of Weskers text, there were 6 people on stage miming actions with 3 others (the waitresses) coming in and out and occasionally tangling with these procedures. What are being produced are individual movements that form a type of group dance, the collaboration of the individuals fit together perfectly. Now does this portray a real life kitchen or is this just a version Weskers imaginary kitchen? Take a still position in a restaurants kitchen anywhere in Great Britain or of Europe, take away the sound of voice or music, take away even the food, what you are left with is of course a wonderful sequence of movements. In each kitchen there is a negotiating of space where usually several cooks and chefs work in restricted areas. Wesker in his directions creates the bones of a kitchen, from then on it is just building on that. John Dexter directed this for the Royal Court Theatre 1961 like a superb juggler, he keeps a huge cast weaving, reacting, colliding, in a faultless choreography. (Bernard Levin 1961). This is what we wanted to aspire to. The character notes become important in the next stage of our process. We down sized the cast and set because we did not have enough performers. Down staging the set as well was simply to attempt to keep with the atmosphere of a space challenged kitchen. We each had a main character to reference to. Ones who had particular accents were perfor med with an accent nearest to it. I played Peter boisterous, aggressive, too merry, and yet good-natured, I tried to perform exactly these qualities. Now this was obviously to become part of the routine of the cooking that was already fixed in my mind. This where a problem lies, a performer must show a character whilst still performing in this dance like sequence. Thankfully Peters character holds what I took as a get out clause by this I mean Peters forced laugh, pronounced Hya hya hya. (Wesker, A. 1961) This outrageous character trait allowed me to cover up any slip of technique in either showing the character or miming the cooking. It was so idiosyncratic that it would become normal to the kitchen and the spectators also. Peter sings a song also that is said to have a maniacal tone which is part of the whole kitchen atmosphere. Maniacal is something that is a clear desire for Wesker in this play. The popular representation of chefs and cooks even now is that they are all slightly insane and putting them in a kitchen excites this factor. Wesker even makes testimony to this within the text of the kitchen when Dimitri comments: Listen, you put a man in the plate room all day what else there is for him to do he wants to fight. As a performer this theme is certainly achievable just by use of voice. Varying a regular pace and volume level is just two ways in which to change the way lines are said to sound more crazy. However this we found was no where near enough to produce an atmosphere that was right for this performance. We looked at everything the pace of the movements, the sounds that are created through mime. We even added to mime real cooking utensils; this gave another variable that could be affected. The final performance consisted of these utensils that acted as an instrument that could be manipulated to yield a more rampant effect. The bashing of a saucepan with a wooden spoon holds a certain quality that can be used to build a beat. We had already decided to use a tape recording of an oven fumigator to set a permanent noise that would indeed be heard in a real kitchen. Dexter used similar techniques in his direction of the play. So now we have a background buzz that is a constant burden to performers and audience alike, we have an instrumental effect with the use of empty utensils and we have also got a movement sequence that involves the whole cast working as one. An explanation of a realist text would seemingly be nothing like the previous sentence but as the process of rehearsing The Kitchen it is clear that this is a quite intelligible way to go about it. Despite all the rehearsal techniques indicating a contemporary dance to unorthodox instruments, a bit like a performance of Stomp, the aesthetic on stage was clearly natural to us. We felt the general look was of a kitchen in full flow. We had the power to change the intensity and lunacy of the action and could therefore play with it to fit in line with the text. The only free space in his kitchen is at the very front of the stage this is where they come if they want to talk. Anyone speaking to them from the back of the kitchen has to shout Bamber Gascoigne talks here about another production of The Kitchen but is very relevant to our own production. There is a clear one-conversation-at-a-time problem that has to be addressed when introducing the text to the movement. The oven sounds drow ned out mumbling or whisper as in a real kitchen, so we did this and it looked normal. This is not a usual concept in theatre and yet was very effective in this production. The only clear speech an audience should here is the written text and that is achievable by using the space front stage as a conversation area just as Gascoigne points out but also to incorporate more of the shouted conversation. The kitchen area of a restaurant is full of shouting and cursing, orders are lost and this causes stress. As a group this is the most exciting point we investigated in performance. Wesker says The whole tempo of work is speeded up suddenly this is what we chose to look at. We began with the mild argument between Peter and his illegitimate girlfriend Monique at the end of part one and continued through the rush of orders. Of course Monique and Peter began front stage so they could be heard and seen clearly, this is an important part of the weak storyline that The Kitchen has. Most of what we see in terms of a story is where Monique and Peter are flirting or arguing. The rest of the plot seems to consist of work related talk. Whilst the exchange goes on we were keen to make sure the rest of the kitchen continued work as normal. The cooks continued their sequence and the isolated conversation was highlighted purely because it was away from the general flow of energy. As they rejoin the rest of the kitchen the energy increases very quickly, the change is instigated by our three waitresses. They are on their toes and shouting out orders which of course the cooks have to respond to vocally and physically. There were high intensity moments, for instance: Violet: Ive never worked like this before, never never. Peter: Too old, too old my sweetheart. Go home old woman for the young this work go home. At this point we used our performance time to show a rehearsal technique, and carried on performing but as improvisation reacting to waitress orders. The more orders the faster and more frantic it got. The Kitchen is a text that is as much a compositional piece as an accurate representation of a fully operational kitchen and we tried to show this. The characters and their personal description given by Wesker is important but not nearly as much as his comments and detailing of atmosphere and general running of the Trivoli restaurant. Obviously what our group created was working progress and to improve it would be to add more detail and choreography to everything including set and character exchanges. Our task was to create a realist performance, A play should be written in which people arrive, go away, have dinner, talk about the weather, play cards. Life must be exactly as it is and people as they are. (Chekhov, A. ). The problems we occurred are summed up with Weskers comment: the artist is dealing with what is absurd in reality in a naturalistic form (Wesker, A. 1965)